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. 2017 Oct 2;12(4):360–374. doi: 10.1080/17450128.2017.1332398

Table 2.

Effect of vulnerability and proposed protective effects on drug use, smoking, and drinking alcohol in male youth from Manicaland.

  Males
    Smoking cigarettes
Taking drugs for pleasure
Drinking alcohol
Any substance use
  N % AOR (95% CI)b % AOR (95% CI)b % AOR (95% CI)b % AOR (95% CI)b
Orphanhood                  
 Non-orphan 789 0.9% 1 2.8% 1 6.6% 1 6.6% 1
 Maternal orphan 364 1.4% 1.7 (0.56–4.9) 4.9% 1.9 (1.01–3.4)* 7.8% 1.2 (0.77–2.0) 8.5% 1.3 (0.84–2.1)
 Paternal orphan 699 0.9% 0.77 (0.27–2.2) 3.6% 1.2 (0.64–2.1) 5.9% 0.77 (0.50–1.2) 6.6% 0.86 (0.57–1.3)
 Double orphan 280 1.1% 1.1 (0.30–3.9) 5.4% 2.0 (1.04–3.8)* 7.6% 1.1 (0.67–1.9) 8.6% 1.2 (0.76–2.0)
School enrolment – all childrena                  
 Not enroled 320 1.9% 1 5.3% 1 9.7% 1 10.6% 1
 Enroled 1055 0.3% 0.25 (0.06–1.1) 0.9% 0.26 (0.11–0.63)** 2.6% 0.32 (0.18–0.57)*** 2.7% 0.30 (0.17–0.53)***
School enrolment – maternal orphansa                  
 Not enroled 89 2.2% 1 10.1% 1 11.5% 1 13.5% 1
 Enroled 226 0% N/A 0.9% 0.13 (0.02–0.72)* 3.1% 0.30 (0.09–0.97)* 3.1% 0.30 (0.10–0.91)*
School enrolment – paternal orphansa                  
 Not enroled 161 2.5% 1 8.1% 1 9.4% 1 11.2% 1
 Enroled 431 0% N/A 0.7% 0.15 (0.04–0.60)** 2.3% 0.36 (0.15–0.90)* 2.3% 0.32 (0.13–0.78)*
School enrolment – double orphansa                  
 Not enroled 71 1.4% 1 11.3% 1 11.4% 1 14.1% 1
 Enroled 169 0% N/A 1.2% 0.17 (0.03–0.95)* 3.6% 0.33 (0.09–1.2) 3.6% 0.32 (0.09–1.1)

aAges 15–18; N/A: No observations in comparison group;

bAdjusted for age, site type, SES, and religion.

*, **, *** Significant at p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001