Table 1.
Characteristics of the study group
| Control | GH | Preeclampsia | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (a) | (b) | (c) | ||
| N = 141 | N = 8 | N = 16 | ||
| Gestational age at onset of study, weeks (mean ± SD) | 9 ± 2 | 10 ± 2 | 8 ± 2 | 0.08 |
| Maternal age at onset of study, years (mean ± SD) | 29 ± 4 | 29 ± 7 | 27 ± 4 | 0.182 |
| Preconception care (n [%]) | 57 (40.4) | 3 (37.5) | 3 (18.8) | 0.2842 |
| Age at the time of diagnosis of diabetes (mean ± SD) | 17 ± 8 c | 21 ± 8 c | 10 ± 4 a,b | 0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes, years (mean ± SD) | 12 ± 7 c | 12 ± 8 c | 17 ± 7 a,b | 0.0196 |
| BMI at onset of study, kg/m2 (median [IQR]) | 22.6 (20.7–24.8) | 24.1 (23.1–26.6) | 24.7 (21.2–26.8) | 0.064 |
| Weight distribution (N;%): normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9) | 100/141; 70.9% | 5/8; 62.5% | 8/16; 50% | 0.15 |
| Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 6/141; 4.3% | 0/8; 0% | 1/16; 6.3% | 0.15 |
| Overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9) | 26/141; 18.4% | 3/8; 37.5% | 6/16; 37.5% | 0.04 |
| Obese (BMI > 30) | 9/141; 6.4% | 0/8; 0% | 1/16; 6.3% | 0.55 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio at onset of study (mean ± SD) | 0.79 ± 0.06 | 0.80 ± 0.07 | 0.76 ± 0.05 | 0.282 |
| Gestational weight gain, kg (mean ± SD) | 11.7 ± 4.7 | 12.6 ± 5.3 | 14.7 ± 5.8 | 0.07 |
| Gestational weight gain according to Institute of Medicine Guidelines (N; %) [12] | ||||
| Normal | 59; 41.8% | 2; 25% | 6; 37.5% | 0.96 |
| Lower than recommended | 49; 34.8% | 3; 37.5% | 3; 18.8% | 0.60 |
| Higher than recommended | 33; 23.4% | 3; 37.5% | 7; 43.8% | 0.09 |
| Primipara/multipara | 80/61 | 5/3 | 16/0 | 0.0034 |
| Vasculopathy (cases/group, %) | 28/141, 19.9% | 1/8, 12.5% | 12/16, 75% | 0.05 |
| Systolic blood pressure at onset of the study, mmHg (mean ± SD) | 115 ± 11 c | 120 ± 7 | 122 ± 15 a | 0.026 |
| Diastolic blood pressure at onset of the study, mmHg (mean ± SD) | 71 ± 8 c | 68 ± 23 | 76 ± 9 a | 0.04 |
| Gestational age at delivery, weeks (median [IQR]) | 38 (37–39) | 38 (37–39) | 37 (36–38) | 0.08 |
| Birth weight, g (median [IQR]) | 3540 (3120–3900) c | 3780 (3510–4205) c | 3040 (2833–3615 a,b | 0.048 |
| SGA newborns (cases/group, %) | 5/141, 3.5% | 0/8 0% | 0/16, 0% | 0.35 |
| LGA newborns (cases/group, %) | 44/141, 31.2% | 4/8, 50% | 5/16, 31.2% | 0.31 |
Letters a,b,c indicate statistical differences between subgroups (Kruskal–Wallis test)