Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of ENCOURAGE participants by depressive symptoms at baseline
| Overall | Depressed (PHQ-8 ≥ 5) | Not depressed (PHQ-8 < 5) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 355 | Intervention (n = 88) | Control (n = 89) |
P-value | Intervention (n = 80) |
Control (n = 98) |
P-value | |
| n, (%) | n, (%) | n, (%) | n, (%) | n, (%) | |||
| African American | 313(87.4) | 84(95.5) | 75(84.3) | 0.01 | 74(93.7) | 76(77.6) | 0.003 |
| Female | 271(75.3) | 69(78.4) | 66(74.2) | 0.51 | 62(77.5) | 71(72.5) | 0.44 |
| <High school education | 111(31.2) | 32(37.2) | 29(32.6) | 0.52 | 21(26.3) | 27(27.8) | 0.81 |
| Annual household income < $40,000 | 289(90.3) | 74(94.9) | 77(92.8) | 0.58 | 64(91.4) | 74(82.2) | 0.09 |
| Insulin therapy | 142(39.6) | 39(44.2) | 43(48.3) | 0.59 | 28(35.0) | 29(29.6) | 0.44 |
| Season of baseline data collection | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||||
| Spring | 92(25.9) | 36(40.9) | 11(12.4) | 35(43.8) | 10(10.2) | ||
| Summer | 235(66.2) | 52(59.1) | 67(75.3) | 45(56.3) | 71(72.5) | ||
| Winter | 28(7.9) | 0 | 11(12.4) | 0 | 17(17.4) | ||
| Mean ±SD | Mean ±SD | Mean ±SD | Mean ±SD | Mean ± SD | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 60.2 ± 12.1 | 59.0 ± 11.3 | 58.8 ± 11.7 | 0.91 | 59.5 ± 12.4 | 63.2 ± 12.4 | 0.046 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.9 ± 2.0 | 8.0 ± 2.0 | 8.1 ± 1.9 | 0.76 | 8.0 ± 2.1 | 7.7 ± 1.8 | 0.24 |
| Time with diabetes, years | 13.3 ± 11.9 | 12.9 ± 11.6 | 12.5 ± 10.6 | 0.84 | 12.9 ± 11.4 | 13.8 ± 13 | 0.63 |
| Diabetes distress score | 2.1 ± 1.2 | 2.6 ± 1.4 | 2.7 ± 1.2 | 0.44 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 0.88 |
| PHQ-8 score | 6.4 ± 5.6 | 10.6 ± 4.6 | 10.9 ± 5.0 | 0.64 | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 2.2 ± 1.5 | 0.08 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 36.3 ± 8.5 | 36.6 ± 6.8 | 37.2 ± 9.8 | 0.85 | 36.4 ± 8.6 | 35.0 ± 8.3 | 0.27 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 135.2 ± 21.4 | 136.9 ± 22.4 | 133.6 ± 21.1 | 0.32 | 132.1 ± 20.8 | 137.6 ± 21 | 0.08 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 83.0 ± 12.9 | 85.0 ± 12.0 | 83.0 ± 12.6 | 0.27 | 82.2 ± 11.8 | 81.7 ± 14.7 | 0.81 |
| EuroQuol index | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.05 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.82 |
Bold indicates p < .05.