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. 2016 Apr 26;4:38–44. doi: 10.1016/j.jcte.2016.04.002

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of ENCOURAGE participants by depressive symptoms at baseline

Overall Depressed (PHQ-8 ≥ 5) Not depressed (PHQ-8 < 5)
n = 355 Intervention (n = 88) Control
(n = 89)
P-value Intervention
(n = 80)
Control
(n = 98)
P-value
n, (%) n, (%) n, (%) n, (%) n, (%)
African American 313(87.4) 84(95.5) 75(84.3) 0.01 74(93.7) 76(77.6) 0.003
Female 271(75.3) 69(78.4) 66(74.2) 0.51 62(77.5) 71(72.5) 0.44
<High school education 111(31.2) 32(37.2) 29(32.6) 0.52 21(26.3) 27(27.8) 0.81
Annual household income < $40,000 289(90.3) 74(94.9) 77(92.8) 0.58 64(91.4) 74(82.2) 0.09
Insulin therapy 142(39.6) 39(44.2) 43(48.3) 0.59 28(35.0) 29(29.6) 0.44
Season of baseline data collection <.0001 <.0001
 Spring 92(25.9) 36(40.9) 11(12.4) 35(43.8) 10(10.2)
 Summer 235(66.2) 52(59.1) 67(75.3) 45(56.3) 71(72.5)
 Winter 28(7.9) 0 11(12.4) 0 17(17.4)
Mean ±SD Mean ±SD Mean ±SD Mean ±SD Mean ± SD
Age, years 60.2 ± 12.1 59.0 ± 11.3 58.8 ± 11.7 0.91 59.5±12.4 63.2±12.4 0.046
HbA1c, % 7.9 ± 2.0 8.0 ± 2.0 8.1 ± 1.9 0.76 8.0 ± 2.1 7.7 ± 1.8 0.24
Time with diabetes, years 13.3 ± 11.9 12.9 ± 11.6 12.5 ± 10.6 0.84 12.9 ± 11.4 13.8 ± 13 0.63
Diabetes distress score 2.1 ± 1.2 2.6 ± 1.4 2.7 ± 1.2 0.44 1.6 ± 0.8 1.6 ± 0.8 0.88
PHQ-8 score 6.4 ± 5.6 10.6 ± 4.6 10.9 ± 5.0 0.64 1.8 ± 1.4 2.2 ± 1.5 0.08
Body mass index, kg/m2 36.3 ± 8.5 36.6 ± 6.8 37.2 ± 9.8 0.85 36.4 ± 8.6 35.0 ± 8.3 0.27
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg 135.2 ± 21.4 136.9 ± 22.4 133.6 ± 21.1 0.32 132.1 ± 20.8 137.6 ± 21 0.08
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg 83.0 ± 12.9 85.0 ± 12.0 83.0 ± 12.6 0.27 82.2 ± 11.8 81.7 ± 14.7 0.81
EuroQuol index 0.8 ± 0.2 0.6 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.2 0.05 0.8 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.1 0.82

Bold indicates p < .05.