Table 2. Hazard ratios (95% CI) for prostate cancer in relation to various socio-demographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle factors at baseline.
| Characteristics | Total n | Cases | HR (95% CI) minimally adjusteda | HR (95% CI) multivariable-adjustedb | P-valuec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Socio-demographic | |||||
| Region | 0.001 | ||||
| London | 29 357 | 549 | 1 ref | 1 ref | |
| Wales | 9075 | 201 | 0.87 (0.74–1.02) | 0.88 (0.75–1.04) | |
| North-West England | 35 235 | 749 | 0.84 (0.76–0.94) | 0.86 (0.76–0.96) | |
| North-Eastern England | 25 519 | 480 | 0.77 (0.68–0.87) | 0.78 (0.69–0.89) | |
| Yorkshire & the Humber | 32 574 | 635 | 0.87 (0.77–0.97) | 0.86 (0.77–0.97) | |
| West Midlands | 20 957 | 459 | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) | |
| East Midlands | 14 792 | 326 | 0.90 (0.78–1.03) | 0.89 (0.77–1.02) | |
| South-East England | 18 423 | 471 | 0.98 (0.87–1.11) | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) | |
| South-West England | 18 181 | 332 | 0.83 (0.72–0.95) | 0.80 (0.70–0.92) | |
| Scotland | 15 222 | 373 | 0.86 (0.75–0.98) | 0.87 (0.76–1.00) | |
| Townsend deprivation score, fifths | 0.12 | ||||
| One (most affluent) | 43 855 | 1020 | 1 ref | 1 ref | |
| Two | 43 765 | 1018 | 1.02 (0.94–1.11) | 1.03 (0.94–1.12) | |
| Three | 43 808 | 971 | 1.00 (0.92–1.10) | 1.03 (0.94–1.12) | |
| Four | 43 808 | 842 | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 0.98 (0.89–1.07) | |
| Five (most deprived) | 43 809 | 719 | 0.86 (0.78–0.95) | 0.91 (0.82–1.01) | |
| Education | 0.665 | ||||
| No qualifications or CSE/O-Level/GCSE or equivalent | 29 593 | 528 | 1 ref | 1 ref | |
| AS/A-Level or equivalent | 11 008 | 201 | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) | 0.99 (0.84–1.17) | |
| Higher education or other professional qualification, or equivalent | 137 027 | 2797 | 1.07 (0.98–1.18) | 1.04 (0.94–1.14) | |
| Ethnicity | <0.001 | ||||
| White | 205 839 | 4374 | 1 ref | 1 ref | |
| Mixed background | 1077 | 13 | 0.95 (0.55–1.64) | 1.01 (0.58–1.74) | |
| Asian | 5765 | 49 | 0.57 (0.43–0.76) | 0.62 (0.47–0.83) | |
| Black | 3279 | 89 | 2.40 (1.94–2.97) | 2.61 (2.10–3.24) | |
| Other | 1926 | 23 | 0.94 (0.63–1.42) | 1.02 (0.67–1.54) | |
| Unemployment | 0.719 | ||||
| Paid/self-employment | 134 112 | 1904 | 1 ref | 1 ref | |
| Not in paid/self-employment | 85 223 | 2671 | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | |
| Lives with a wife or partner | 0.331 | ||||
| No | 52 368 | 945 | 1 ref | 1 ref | |
| Yes | 166 967 | 3630 | 1.08 (1.01–1.17) | 1.04 (0.96–1.12) | |
|
Anthropometric | |||||
| Height, cm | |||||
| <170 | 39 918 | 936 | 1 ref | 1 ref | |
| ⩾170–<175 | 55 888 | 1227 | 1.02 (0.94–1.11) | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | |
| ⩾175–<180 | 60 939 | 1256 | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | |
| ⩾180–<185 | 40 076 | 786 | 1.10 (1.00–1.21) | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | |
| ⩾185 | 21 175 | 355 | 1.10 (0.97–1.24) | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) | |
| Per 10 cm increase | 217 996 | 4560 | 1.06 (1.00–1.11) | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) | 0.307 |
| BMI, kg m−2 | |||||
| <25 | 53 707 | 1142 | 1 ref | 1 ref | |
| ⩾25–<30 | 107 927 | 2396 | 0.98 (0.92–1.06) | 0.98 (0.92–1.06) | |
| ⩾30–<35 | 43 500 | 834 | 0.85 (0.78–0.93) | 0.88 (0.81–0.97) | |
| ⩾35 | 12 796 | 188 | 0.69 (0.59–0.81) | 0.75 (0.64–0.88) | |
| Per 5 kg m−2 increase | 217 930 | 4560 | 0.89 (0.85–0.93) | 0.91 (0.87–0.95) | <0.001 |
| Body fatd, fifth cutoff % | |||||
| <20.5 | 43 803 | 816 | 1 ref | 1 ref | |
| ⩾20.5–<24 | 43 270 | 938 | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | |
| ⩾24–<26.8 | 42 957 | 949 | 0.95 (0.87–1.05) | 0.96 (0.87–1.06) | |
| ⩾26.8–<30.1 | 41 925 | 899 | 0.86 (0.78–0.95) | 0.88 (0.80–0.97) | |
| ⩾30.1 | 42 351 | 882 | 0.77 (0.70–0.84) | 0.81 (0.73–0.89) | |
| Per 5% increase | 214 257 | 4484 | 0.90 (0.88–0.93) | 0.92 (0.90–0.95) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference,d fifth cutoff cm | |||||
| <88 | 49 129 | 939 | 1 ref | 1 ref | |
| ⩾88.1–<93.1 | 39 113 | 826 | 0.99 (0.91–1.09) | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) | |
| ⩾93.1–<98.1 | 49 502 | 1113 | 1.00 (0.91–1.09) | 1.01 (0.92–1.10) | |
| ⩾98.1–<105.1 | 37 174 | 817 | 0.93 (0.85–1.02) | 0.96 (0.87–1.05) | |
| ⩾105.1 | 43 390 | 869 | 0.84 (0.76–0.92) | 0.90 (0.82–0.99) | |
| Per 10 cm increase | 218 308 | 4564 | 0.94 (0.91–0.97) | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | 0.016 |
| Waist to hip ratio,d fifth cutoff | |||||
| <0.882 | 43 848 | 835 | 1 ref | 1 ref | |
| ⩾0.882–<0.918 | 43 787 | 835 | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | 0.88 (0.80–0.97) | |
| ⩾0.918–<0.949 | 43 872 | 982 | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 0.96 (0.88–1.06) | |
| ⩾0.949–<0.989 | 43 110 | 964 | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | 0.91 (0.83–1.00) | |
| ⩾0.989 | 43 639 | 948 | 0.80 (0.73–0.88) | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | |
| Per 0.05 increase | 218 256 | 4564 | 0.94 (0.92–0.97) | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.021 |
|
Lifestyle | |||||
| Smoking | 0.004 | ||||
| Never | 107 188 | 2134 | 1 ref | 1 ref | |
| Former | 83 154 | 1991 | 0.90 (0.85–0.96) | 0.93 (0.88–0.99) | |
| Current | 27 428 | 417 | 0.82 (0.73–0.91) | 0.85 (0.77–0.95) | |
| Alcohol intake, g per day | |||||
| None drinkers | 13 874 | 225 | 0.83 (0.70–0.99) | 0.85 (0.72–1.01) | |
| <1 | 14 577 | 299 | 1 ref | 1 ref | |
| ⩾1–<10 | 48 187 | 1030 | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) | 1.04 (0.91–1.18) | |
| ⩾10–<20 | 46 565 | 1071 | 1.11 (0.98–1.26) | 1.06 (0.93–1.21) | |
| ⩾20 | 94 750 | 1930 | 1.02 (0.90–1.15) | 1.01 (0.89–1.14) | |
| Per 10 g per day increase | 204 723 | 4340 | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.405 |
| Physical activity, METs per week | |||||
| Low, 0–<10 | 60 589 | 1196 | 1 ref | 1 ref | |
| Moderate, ⩾10–<50 | 103 570 | 2244 | 1.10 (1.02–1.18) | 1.06 (0.99–1.14) | |
| High, ⩾50 | 47 126 | 975 | 1.05 (0.96–1.14) | 1.01 (0.93–1.10) | |
| Per 20 METs per week increase | 211 070 | 4413 | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.771 |
Abbreviations: AS=advanced subsidiary level; BMI=body mass index; CI=confidence interval; CSE=Certificate of Secondary Education; GCSE=General Certificate of Secondary Education; HR=hazard ratio; MET=metabolic equivalent of task; ref=reference.
Missing and/or unknown values of the exposure of interest were not included in the analyses, but missing and/or unknown values were assigned to a separate category when the variable was included as a covariate.
Minimally adjusted model: HRs are stratified by region (10 UK cancer registry regions) and age at recruitment (<45, 45–49, 50–54, 55–59, 60–64, and ⩾65 years) and adjusted for age (underlying time variable), use as appropriate.
Multivariable-adjusted model: HRs are stratified by region and age at recruitment and adjusted for age (underlying time variable), Townsend deprivation score (fifths, unknown), ethnicity (white, mixed background, Asian, black, other, and unknown), lives with a wife or partner (no and yes), BMI (<25, ⩾25–<30, ⩾30–<35, ⩾35 kg m−2, unknown), smoking (never, former, current, and unknown), physical activity (low (0–<10 METs per week), moderate (⩾10–<50 METs per week), high (⩾50 METs per week), and unknown), diabetes (no, yes, and unknown), enlarged prostate (no or unknown, and yes), and family history of prostate cancer (no, yes, unknown), use as appropriate.
P-values from the multivariable-adjusted model were calculated as follows: P-values for likelihood ratio test for variables with more than two categories were obtained comparing the model with and without the variable of interest; P-values for dichotomous variables were obtained comparing the reference category to the other category in the model; P-values for trend were obtained using a pseudo-continuous variable equal to the median value in each category for continuous variables.
Multivariable-adjusted model as above but without adjustment for BMI.