Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population
| n = 3008 | |
|---|---|
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 70.0(10.4) |
| Diabetes onset age in years, mean(SD) | 63.3(12.4) |
| Gender | |
| Male, no.(%) | 1533(50.3) |
| Ethnic group | |
| Chinese, no.(%) | 2115(70.3) |
| Malay, no.(%) | 556(18.5) |
| Indian, no.(%) | 222(7.4) |
| Others and unknown, no.(%) | 115(3.8) |
| Duration of diabetes in years, mean(SD) | 6.7(6.7) |
| HBA1c in %, mean(SD) | 7.7(1.6) |
| Creatinine, mean(SD) | 170.2(119.5) |
| Glomerular filtration rate in mL/min per 1.73 m2, mean(SD) | 38.2(14.0) |
| CKD stage | |
| 3A, no.(%) | 1091(36.3) |
| 3B, no.(%) | 1088(36.2) |
| 4, no.(%) | 603(20.1) |
| 5, no.(%) | 226(7.5) |
| Albuminuria | |
| None, no.(%) | 375(12.5) |
| Microalbuminuria, no.(%) | 1094(36.4) |
| Macroalbuminuria, no.(%) | 1025(34.1) |
| Unknown, no.(%) | 514(17.1) |
| Comorbid conditions | |
| Dyslipidaemia, no.(%) | 2935(97.6) |
| Hypertension, no.(%) | 2883(95.8) |
| Ischaemic heart disease, no.(%) | 684(22.7) |
| Cerebrovascular disease, no.(%) | 352(11.7) |
| Retinopathy, no.(%) | 350(11.6) |
| Peripheral vascular disease, no.(%) | 180(6.0) |
| Neuropathy, no.(%) | 127(4.2) |
| Medications | |
| ACEi/ARB | |
| None, no.(%) | 463(15.4) |
| ACEi, no.(%) | 1558(51.8) |
| ARB, no.(%) | 632(21.0) |
| Both, no.(%) | 355(11.8) |
| Diabetes treatment | |
| Diet, no.(%) | 468(15.6) |
| Oral hypoglycaemic agents only, no.(%) | 1762(58.6) |
| Insulin only, no.(%) | 219(7.3) |
| Both oral hypoglycaemic agents and insulin, no.(%) | 559(18.6) |
| Statin, no.(%) | 2429(80.8) |
| Antiplatelet agent, no.(%) | 1235(41.1) |
| Follow up period in years | |
| Mean(SD) | 5.0(1.8) |
| Median(Range) | 6.0(0–6.9) |