Table 3.
Univariate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for mortality
| Covariates | Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Age | 1.06 (1.05–1.06) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes onset age | 1.04 (1.03–1.04) | <0.001 |
| Gender | ||
| Female | Reference | |
| Male | 1.15 (1.01–1.30) | 0.030 |
| Race | ||
| Chinese | Reference | |
| Malay | 0.80 (0.67–0.96) | 0.013 |
| Indian | 1.07 (0.84–1.36) | 0.582 |
| Others | 1.00 (0.72–1.38) | 0.987 |
| Duration of diabetes | 0.998 (0.989–1.01) | 0.681 |
| HBA1c | 0.978 (0.937–1.02) | 0.316 |
| Creatinine | 1.003 (1.002–1.003) | <0.001 |
| Glomerular filtration rate | 0.96 (0.96–0.97) | <0.001 |
| CKD stage | ||
| 3A | Reference | |
| 3B | 1.56 (1.31–1.85) | <0.001 |
| 4 | 2.68 (2.24–3.20) | <0.001 |
| 5 | 5.48 (4.45–6.75) | <0.001 |
| Albuminuria | ||
| None | Reference | |
| Microalbuminuria | 1.47 (1.12–1.92) | 0.006 |
| Macroalbuminuria | 2.60 (2.00–3.38) | <0.001 |
| Unknown | 3.39 (2.58–4.47) | <0.001 |
| Comorbid conditions | ||
| Hypertension | 1.05 (0.76–1.46) | 0.758 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 0.96 (0.64–1.44) | 0.846 |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1.56 (1.36–1.79) | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1.52 (1.28–1.81) | <0.001 |
| Retinopathy | 1.37 (1.15–1.64) | 0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 2.04 (1.65–2.53) | <0.001 |
| Neuropathy | 1.94 (1.51–2.50) | <0.001 |
| ACEi/ARB | ||
| None | Reference | |
| ACEi | 0.59 (0.50–0.69) | <0.001 |
| ARB | 0.60 (0.49–0.73) | <0.001 |
| Both | 0.68 (0.54–0.85) | 0.001 |
| Diabetes treatment | ||
| Diet | Reference | |
| Oral hypoglycaemic agents only | 0.82 (0.69–0.98) | 0.031 |
| Insulin only | 1.51 (1.18–1.93) | 0.001 |
| Both oral hypoglycaemic agents and insulin | 0.84 (0.68–1.05) | 0.120 |
| Statins | 0.84 (0.72–0.98) | 0.027 |
| Antiplatelet agent | 1.69 (1.49–1.92) | <0.001 |