Table 5. Adjusted OR of those having a RD for an experience of ED visits within the last one year in Korean adults aged 18 years or over with diabetes based on 2013 KHP data.
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P values | OR | 95% CI | P values | OR | 95% CI | P values | ||
| Age, yr | 18–49 | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - |
| 50–64 | 0.57 | 0.24–1.38 | 0.214 | 0.56 | 0.23–1.37 | 0.207 | 0.55 | 0.27–1.34 | 0.189 | |
| ≥ 65 | 0.84 | 0.34–2.07 | 0.697 | 0.82 | 0.33–2.03 | 0.661 | 0.82 | 0.33–2.03 | 0.669 | |
| Sex | Male | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - |
| Female | 0.59 | 0.34–1.00 | 0.049 | 0.59 | 0.35–1.00 | 0.051 | 0.59 | 0.35–1.01 | 0.053 | |
| Marital status | Married | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 1.40 | 0.78–2.49 | 0.259 | 1.39 | 0.78–2.49 | 0.262 | 1.39 | 0.78–2.48 | 2.270 | |
| Unmarried | 1.75 | 0.41–7.55 | 0.452 | 1.82 | 0.42–7.91 | 0.424 | 1.76 | 0.41–7.53 | 0.444 | |
| Education, yr | 0–6 | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - |
| 7–12 | 0.69 | 0.40–1.21 | 0.196 | 0.68 | 0.39–1.20 | 0.183 | 0.68 | 0.39–1.20 | 0.183 | |
| ≥ 13 | 0.18 | 0.05–0.57 | 0.004 | 0.17 | 0.05–0.56 | 0.004 | 0.17 | 0.05–0.55 | 0.003 | |
| Family income (quintile) (missing = 1) | First (the lowest) | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - |
| Second | 1.16 | 0.59–2.28 | 0.673 | 1.16 | 0.59–2.28 | 0.674 | 1.16 | 0.59–2.28 | 0.675 | |
| Third | 1.25 | 0.58–2.67 | 0.566 | 1.25 | 0.59–2.68 | 0.560 | 1.19 | 0.55–2.55 | 0.660 | |
| Fourth | 1.24 | 0.56–2.76 | 0.602 | 1.24 | 0.59–2.77 | 0.597 | 1.21 | 0.54–2.70 | 0.639 | |
| Fifth (the highest) | 1.56 | 0.66–3.68 | 0.311 | 1.59 | 0.67–3.75 | 0.293 | 1.49 | 0.63–3.53 | 0.365 | |
| Health insurance (missing = 8) | Employed | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - |
| Self-employed | 0.91 | 0.53–1.58 | 0.740 | 0.91 | 0.53–1.58 | 0.740 | 0.92 | 0.53–1.59 | 0.757 | |
| Medical Aid | 1.24 | 0.56–2.76 | 0.595 | 1.22 | 0.55–2.72 | 0.622 | 1.27 | 0.57–2.83 | 0.554 | |
| CCI score* | 0 | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - |
| 1 | 1.87 | 1.04–3.36 | 0.036 | 1.87 | 1.04–3.36 | 0.036 | 1.78 | 0.99–3.20 | 0.056 | |
| ≥ 2 | 2.74 | 1.41–5.34 | 0.003 | 2.74 | 1.41–5.34 | 0.003 | 2.46 | 1.24–4.86 | 0.010 | |
| Subjective health status† (missing = 44) | Poor | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - |
| Moderate | 0.72 | 0.42–1.22 | 0.22 | 0.71 | 0.42–1.21 | 0.211 | 0.72 | 0.42–1.23 | 0.233 | |
| Good | 0.65 | 0.33–1.30 | 0.227 | 0.65 | 0.33–1.30 | 0.222 | 0.66 | 0.33–1.32 | 0.239 | |
| RD | Not having | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Having | 0.57 | 0.35–0.94 | 0.026 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Types of USC | Place only as a USC | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Not having a USC | - | - | - | 0.84 | 0.47–1.49 | 0.545 | - | - | - | |
| RD | - | - | - | 0.52 | 0.29–0.92 | 0.025 | - | - | - | |
| Types of place where regular physicians work for | Not having a regular physician | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.00 | ||
| Primary care clinic‡ | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.43 | 0.22–0.81 | 0.010 | |
| Community hospital | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.72 | 0.30–1.72 | 0.454 | |
| University hospital | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.96 | 0.40–2.30 | 0.927 | |
| P value for the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test | 0.604 | 0.515 | 0.147 | |||||||
| Concordance statistic for discriminative ability | 0.697 | 0.699 | 0.701 | |||||||
Multiple logistic regression analysis. Sample cross-sectional weights were applied.
OR = odds ratio, RD = regular doctor, ED = emergency department, KHP = Korea Health Panel, CI = confidence interval, CCI = Charlson comorbidity index, USC = usual source of care.
*It does not contain scores for diabetes, end organ damage by diabetes, moderate or severe liver disease, and thyroid cancer. †On a five-point Likert scale, two positive (excellent and good) and two negative (poor and very poor) responses were merged into one positive (good) and one negative (poor) responses. ‡Public community clinic or private community clinic.