Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics and Risk Factors of the Study Participantsa
| Characteristic or Risk Factor | Alternate-Day Fasting Group (n = 34) |
Daily Calorie Restriction Group (n = 35) |
Control Group (n = 31) |
All Participants (N = 100) |
Participants Who Completed the Study (n = 69) |
Participants Who Did Not Complete the Study (n = 31) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 44 (10) | 43 (12) | 44 (11) | 44 (11) | 44 (11) | 42 (11) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 30 (88) | 29 (83) | 27 (87) | 86 (86) | 57 (83) | 29 (94) |
| Male | 4 (12) | 6 (17) | 4 (13) | 14 (14) | 12 (17) | 2 (6) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 9 (26) | 12 (34) | 11 (35) | 32 (32) | 27 (39) | 5 (16) |
| Black | 22 (65) | 21 (60) | 20 (65) | 63 (63) | 37 (54) | 26 (84) |
| Asian | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 0 | 2 (2) | 2 (3) | 0 |
| Hispanic | 2 (6) | 1 (3) | 0 | 3 (3) | 3 (4) | 0 |
| Height, mean (SD), m | 1.66 (0.08) | 1.69 (0.11) | 1.64 (0.08) | 1.67 (0.09) | 1.66 (0.09) | 1.68 (0.09) |
| Weight, mean (SD), kg | 95 (13) | 101 (16) | 92 (16) | 96 (15) | 95 (16) | 99 (13) |
| Fat mass | 38 (7) | 40 (7) | 36 (10) | 38 (8) | 37 (8) | 41 (8) |
| Lean mass | 55 (9) | 58 (12) | 53 (10) | 56 (11) | 55 (11) | 57 (9) |
| Visceral fat mass | 1.9 (1.0) | 2.4 (1.2) | 1.9 (1.2) | 2.1 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.1) | 1.9 (1.2) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 34 (4) | 35 (4) | 34 (4) | 35 (4) | 34 (4) | 35 (4) |
| 25.0–29.9 | 2 (6) | 4 (11) | 4 (13) | 10 (10) | 10 (15) | 0 (0) |
| 30.0–40.0 | 32 (94) | 31 (89) | 27 (87) | 90 (90) | 59 (85) | 31 (100) |
| Waist circumference, mean (SD), cm | 102 (10) | 108 (11) | 104 (12) | 105 (11) | 105 (12) | 104 (10) |
| Blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | ||||||
| Systolic | 124 (12) | 122 (17) | 121 (16) | 123 (15) | 124 (16) | 120 (11) |
| Diastolic | 83 (9) | 80 (11) | 81 (11) | 81 (10) | 82 (11) | 80 (9) |
| Heart rate, mean (SD), beats/min | 75 (9) | 75 (10) | 74 (10) | 75 (9) | 74 (9) | 75 (11) |
| Glucose, mean (SD), mg/dL | 90 (12) | 92 (18) | 87 (8) | 90 (14) | 92 (10) | 86 (20) |
| Insulin, mean (SD), μIU/mL | 16 (14) | 20 (18) | 16 (9) | 18 (14) | 18 (14) | 17 (15) |
| HOMA-IR, mean (SD) | 3.7 (3.6) | 5.1 (5.9) | 3.5 (2.1) | 4.1 (4.3) | 4.1 (3.5) | 4.2 (6.1) |
| Cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | ||||||
| Total | 188 (35) | 184 (35) | 190 (30) | 187 (33) | 188 (36) | 185 (27) |
| HDL | 57 (14) | 53 (11) | 59 (13) | 56 (13) | 56 (13) | 58 (13) |
| LDL | 111 (30) | 112 (31) | 112 (31) | 111 (30) | 113 (33) | 108 (24) |
| Triglycerides, mean (SD), mg/dL | 101 (59) | 97 (27) | 98 (43) | 98 (44) | 99 (46) | 92 (40) |
| HS CRP, mean (SD), mg/dL | 0.32 (0.23) | 0.58 (0.52) | 0.53 (0.53) | 0.48 (0.46) | 0.47 (0.43) | 0.50 (0.53) |
| Homocysteine, mean (SD), mg/L | 1.31 (0.37) | 1.31 (0.39) | 1.32 (0.28) | 1.31 (0.35) | 1.31 (0.32) | 1.31 (0.41) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); HDL, high-density lipoprotein;
HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [calculated as insulin × glucose/405, where the unit of measure for insulin is in micro-international units per milliliter and the unit of measure for glucose is milligrams per deciliter]; HS CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein;
LDL, low-density lipoprotein.
SI conversion factors: To convert glucose to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555; to convert insulin to picomoles per liter, multiply by 6.945; to convert total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259; to convert triglycerides to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0113; and to convert homocysteine to micromoles per liter, multiply by 7.397.
Data are presented as number (percentage) of patients unless otherwise indicated.