Table 2.
Pairwise Effects Estimates of Diet on Mean Changes From Baseline in Body Weight and Risk Indicators for Cardiovascular Diseasea
| Outcome Variable | Change in ADF − Change in DCR (95% CI) | Change in ADF − Change in Control (95% CI) | Change in DCR − Change in Control (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At 6 mo | At 12 mo | At 6 mo | At 12 mo | At 6 mo | At 12 mo | |
| Body weight, % change | 0.0 (−2.2 to 2.2) |
−0.7 (−3.1 to 1.6) |
−6.8 (−9.1 to −4.5) |
−6.0 (−8.5 to −3.6) |
−6.8 (−9.1 to −4.6) |
−5.3 (−7.6 to −3.0) |
| Fat mass, kg | 0.9 (−1.3 to 3.1) |
0.0 (−2.4 to 2.4) |
−4.2 (−6.6 to −1.8) |
−2.0 (−4.4 to 0.5) |
−5.1 (−7.5 to −2.7) |
−2.0 (−4.4 to 0.4) |
| Lean mass, kg | 0.6 (−1.0 to 2.2) |
0.5 (−1.2 to 2.2) |
−1.5 (−3.2 to 0.2) |
−0.9 (−2.7 to 0.9) |
−2.1 (−3.8 to 0.4) |
−1.4 (−3.1 to 0.3) |
| Visceral fat mass, kg | 0.2 (−0.1 to 0.5) |
0.1 (−0.2 to 0.5) |
−0.4 (−0.7 to −0.1) |
−0.4 (−0.7 to −0.1) |
−0.6 (−0.9 to −0.2) |
−0.5 (−0.8 to −0.2) |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||||
| Systolic | 0.8 (−7.1 to 8.7) |
−1.1 (−9.5 to 7.4) |
−3.1 (−11.3 to 5.2) |
−2.3 (−11.0 to 6.4) |
−3.9 (−12.1 to 4.4) |
−1.24 (−9.7 to 7.2) |
| Diastolic | −0.3 (−5.9 to 5.4) |
−3.0 (−9.0 to 3.0) |
−1.5 (−7.4 to 4.4) |
−0.1 (−6.3 to 6.1) |
−1.2 (−7.1 to 4.6) |
2.9 (−3.1 to 8.9) |
| Heart rate, beats/min | −4.9 (−10.1 to 0.4) |
−2.0 (−7.7 to 3.8) |
−5.8 (−11.3 to −0.3) |
−1.2 (−7.1 to 4.7) |
−0.9 (−6.4 to 4.5) |
0.8 (−4.8 to 6.4) |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | ||||||
| Total | 3.4 (−7.2 to 13.9) |
9.7 (−2.2 to 21.7) |
−4.3 (−15.4 to 6.9) |
4.2 (−8.2 to 16.5) |
−7.6 (−18.8 to 3.6) |
−5.6 (−17.6 to 6.4) |
| HDL | 6.2 (0.1 to 12.4) |
1.0 (−5.9 to 7.8) |
8.4 (1.9 to 14.7) |
2.9 (−4.2 to 10.0) |
2.2 (−4.3 to 8.7) |
1.9 (−5.1 to 8.9) |
| LDL | 2.5 (−6.0 to 10.9) |
11.5 (1.9 to 21.1) |
−2.6 (−11.5 to 6.4) |
1.2 (−8.7 to 11.2) |
−5.0 (−14.0 to 3.9) |
−10.3 (−19.9 to −0.6) |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | −10.5 (−26.7 to 5.8) |
−9.9 (−28.3 to 8.6) |
−19.1 (−36.3 to −1.8) |
−24.4 (−43.5 to −5.3) |
−8.6 (−25.9 to 8.7) |
−14.5 (−33.1 to 4.0) |
| Glucose, mg/dL | −1.4 (−8.0 to 5.2) |
5.7 (−1.6 to 13.0) |
−6.3 (−13.3 to 0.7) |
−3.9 (−11.5 to 3.6) |
−4.9 (−12.0 to 2.1) |
−9.6 (−17.1 to −2.2) |
| Insulin, μIU/mL | −0.4 (−5.5 to 4.7) |
−1.3 (−6.9 to 4.3) |
−7.5 (−12.9 to −2.0) |
−5.9 (−11.7 to −0.1) |
−7.0 (−12.5 to −1.6) |
−4.6 (−10.4 to 1.2) |
| HOMA-IRa | 0.07 (−1.56 to 1.70) |
0.02 (−1.78 to 1.81) |
−2.49 (−4.22 to −0.76) |
−1.86 (−3.73 to 0.01) |
−2.56 (−4.30 to −0.82) |
−1.88 (−3.72 to −0.03) |
| HS CRP, mg/dL | −0.04 (−0.19 to 0.11) |
0.00 (−0.16 to 0.17) |
−0.07 (−0.23 to 0.08) |
−0.07 (−0.24 to 0.11) |
−0.04 (−0.19 to 0.12) |
−0.07 (−0.24 to 0.10) |
| Homocysteine, mg/L | 0.03 (−0.10 to 0.17) |
0.03 (−0.12 to 0.18) |
0.10 (−0.04 to 0.24) |
0.02 (−0.13 to 0.18) |
0.06 (−0.08 to 0.20) |
−0.01 (−0.16 to 0.14) |
Abbreviations: ADF, alternate-day fasting; DCR, daily calorie restriction; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [calculated as insulin × glucose/405, where the unit of measure for insulin is in micro-international units per milliliter and the unit of measure for glucose is milligrams per deciliter]; HS CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.
SI conversion factors: To convert total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259; to convert triglycerides to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0113; to convert glucose to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555; to convert insulin to picomoles per liter, multiply by 6.945; and to convert homocysteine to micromoles per liter, multiply by 7.397.
Data were included for 100 participants; mean (SD) values were estimated using an intention-to-treat analysis with a linear mixed model.