• Lack of a shared definition of HPSR: 35% of research institutions reported having a definition for HPSR

• Low prevalence of core funding, particularly in LICs: 34% of research institutions received any core funding for HPSR (54% in HICs, 31% in MICs and 10% in LICs)

• Incentive structures for policy-relevant research remain under-developed: Publication continues to be most important promotion criteria (48% of respondents)

• Funding and inadequate numbers of trained researchers are major constraints to HPSR production: human resource problem particularly important in LMICs

• Leadership and governance identified by most respondents as a topical area where more research is needed

• Researcher and decision-maker linkages are largely informal, formal linkages such as Memoranda of Understanding were reported by less than half of respondents