• Health management information systems and Ministry internal reports are the most important sources of evidence for decision-making: 45% and 15% of respondents ranked these as the most important sources

• Unavailability of locally relevant evidence and poor presentation of evidence are the main barriers to obtaining evidence for decision-making

• Making research available to MoH staff is not prioritised: only 54% of MoHs systematically collate evaluations and unpublished data

• High self-reported use of research but weak mechanisms and incentives to enable this: 79% of MoHs report using research evidence to inform decision-making, but only 42% have specific arrangements with research institutions to support commissioning of research

• Training in accessing and using research often provided to individuals within MoHs, but longer term arrangements (sabbaticals, secondments, rotations) to expose decision-makers to research institutions are uncommon