TABLE 3.
Prescribed Use and Non-Prescribed Use Models
| Prescribed Opioid Use (n = 94,238) | Non-Prescribed Opioid Use (n = 20,768) | |||||||
| UOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | UOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | |
| Female | 0.91 | 0.89–0.93 | 0.90 | 0.88–0.92 | 0.94 | 0.92–0.97 | 0.96 | 0.93–0.99 |
| Age ≥35 | 2.03 | 1.97–2.09 | 1.87 | 1.81–1.93 | 0.71 | 0.68–0.74 | 0.73 | 0.70–0.76 |
| Pain clinic | 1.92 | 1.87–1.97 | 2.32 | 2.24–2.39 | 1.12 | 1.08–1.15 | 1.17 | 1.13–1.22 |
| Primary care physician | 0.78 | 0.76–0.80 | 1.20 | 1.17–1.23 | 1.02 | 0.99–1.05 | 1.09 | 1.05–1.14 |
| Neurology | 1.79 | 1.65–1.95 | 2.55 | 2.33–2.79 | 0.89 | 0.80–0.99 | NS | |
| Medicare | 1.40 | 1.36–1.44 | 1.32 | 1.28–1.36 | 0.89 | 0.85–0.92 | 0.92 | 0.88–0.96 |
| HHSR 3 | 1.00 | 0.96–1.04 | 0.89 | 0.85–0.93 | 1.61 | 1.53–1.70 | 1.43 | 1.35–1.51 |
| HHSR 4 | 0.88 | 0.86–0.90 | 0.77 | 0.75–0.79 | 0.86 | 0.83–0.89 | 0.88 | 0.85–0.91 |
| HHSR 6 | 0.98 | 0.95–1.01 | 0.89 | 0.85–0.92 | 0.85 | 0.81–0.89 | 0.85 | 0.80–0.89 |
| HHSR 7 | 1.61 | 1.50–1.73 | 1.30 | 1.21–1.40 | 0.95 | 0.88–1.04 | NS | |
| Prescribed Benzodiazepine Use (n = 27,639) | Non-Prescribed Benzodiazepine Use (n = 25,610) | |||||||
| UOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | UOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | |
| Female | 1.50 | 1.46–1.54 | 1.51 | 1.46–1.55 | 1.34 | 1.31–1.38 | 1.35 | 1.31–1.39 |
| Age ≥35 | 1.67 | 1.60–1.74 | 1.73 | 1.65–1.81 | 1.23 | 1.18–1.28 | 1.13 | 1.08–1.18 |
| Pain clinic | 0.52 | 0.50–0.54 | 0.44 | 0.43–0.46 | 1.67 | 1.62–1.72 | 1.88 | 1.81–1.96 |
| Primary care physician | 1.48 | 1.44–1.52 | NS | 0.80 | 0.78–0.82 | 1.15 | 1.11–1.19 | |
| Neurology | 0.71 | 0.64–0.79 | 0.50 | 0.45–0.56 | 1.15 | 1.05–1.26 | 1.52 | 1.38–1.68 |
| Medicare | 1.20 | 1.16–1.24 | 1.10 | 1.06–1.14 | 1.16 | 1.12–1.20 | 1.18 | 1.13–1.22 |
| HHSR 3 | 0.73 | 0.69–0.77 | 1.09 | 1.02–1.16 | 1.32 | 1.25–1.38 | 1.26 | 1.19–1.33 |
| HHSR 4 | 1.47 | 1.43–1.51 | 1.76 | 1.71–1.82 | 0.94 | 0.91–0.97 | 0.90 | 0.88–0.93 |
| HHSR 6 | 1.16 | 1.12–1.21 | 1.44 | 1.38–1.51 | 1.10 | 1.05–1.14 | 1.07 | 1.02–1.12 |
| HHSR 7 | 1.06 | 0.98–1.14 | 1.50 | 1.38–1.62 | 1.05 | 0.97–1.13 | NS | |
| Prescribed Concurrent Use (n = 12,373) | Non-Prescribed Concurrent Use* (n = 24,848) | |||||||
| UOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | UOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | |
| Female | 1.33 | 1.28–1.38 | 1.33 | 1.28–1.39 | 1.32 | 1.28–1.36 | 1.33 | 1.29–1.37 |
| Age ≥35 | 2.49 | 2.31–2.67 | 2.39 | 2.21–2.58 | 1.30 | 1.25–1.36 | 1.20 | 1.15–1.26 |
| Pain clinic | 0.76 | 0.73–0.80 | 0.86 | 0.81–0.91 | 1.59 | 1.54–1.63 | 1.80 | 1.73–1.87 |
| Primary care physician | 1.45 | 1.40–1.50 | 1.37 | 1.30–1.43 | 0.84 | 0.82–0.87 | 1.19 | 1.14–1.23 |
| Neurology | 1.05 | 0.93–1.19 | NS | 1.12 | 1.02–1.23 | 1.47 | 1.33–1.62 | |
| Medicare | 1.47 | 1.41–1.54 | 1.29 | 1.23–1.35 | 1.20 | 1.15–1.24 | 1.20 | 1.16–1.25 |
| HHSR 3 | 0.76 | 0.70–0.82 | NS | 1.27 | 1.20–1.33 | 1.26 | 1.19–1.33 | |
| HHSR 4 | 1.21 | 1.17–1.26 | 1.37 | 1.31–1.43 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.02 | 0.97 | 0.94–1.00 |
| HHSR 6 | 1.29 | 1.22–1.36 | 1.42 | 1.33–1.50 | 1.07 | 1.02–1.12 | 1.07 | 1.02–1.12 |
| HHSR 7 | 1.34 | 1.22–1.47 | 1.59 | 1.44–1.76 | 1.10 | 1.02–1.19 | NS | |
*Concurrent non-prescribed use includes all cases with concurrent use and at least 1 non-prescribed drug 6032 results (4.2%) were not included in the multivariable models due to missing variables.
AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HHSR, Health and Human Services Region; NS, not significant and excluded from model; UOR, unadjusted odds ratio.