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. 2017 Nov 6;14:522–534. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.10.010

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© 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 1 — DMF activates NRF2 signaling through KEAP1-dependent and -independent mechanisms. A) Keap1^+/+ and Keap1^-/- MEFs were incubated in the presence of DMF (20 μM) for 1, 2, 4 and 8 h, and subcellular fractionations were analyzed by immunoblot: upper panel: NRF2 levels; middle panel: GAPDH levels used as cytosol protein loading control; lower panel: Lamin B level used as nuclear protein loading control. B) Keap1^+/+ and Keap1^-/- MEFs were treated with DMF and mRNA levels for Nqo1, Osgin1 and Hmox1 were determined by qRT-PCR, normalized to β-actin mRNA levels.