Table 1.
V1 Characteristics of Study Participants
| Characteristics | Frailty Status | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (N = 5086) | Robust (n = 2322) | Prefrail (n = 2342) | Frail (n = 422) | p | |
| Age (y), mean +/− SD | 73.4 +/− 5.8 | 71.7 +/− 4.9 | 74.3 +/− 5.8 | 78.3 +/− 6.6 | <.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean +/− SD | 27.4 +/− 3.8 | 27.3 +/− 3.5 | 27.46 +/− 4.0 | 26.70 +/− 4.4 | 0.04 |
| Non-Hispanic white, n (%) | 4598 (90.4) | 2097 (90.3) | 2135 (91.2) | 366 (86.7) | 0.02 |
| College education, n (%) | 2777 (54.6) | 1335 (57.5) | 1247 (53.3) | 195 (46.2) | <.001 |
| Married, n (%) | 4215 (82.9) | 1998 (86.1) | 1902 (81.2) | 315 (74.6) | <.001 |
| SES status compared to community (top 3 rungs), n (%) | 1028 (44.4) | 949 (40.6) | 139 (33.3) | 2116 (41.8) | <.001 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||||
| Never | 1944 (38.2) | 921 (39.7) | 872 (37.2) | 151 (35.8) | 0.08 |
| Past | 2975 (58.5) | 1336 (57.6) | 1388 (59.3) | 251 (59.5) | |
| Current | 166 (3.3) | 64 (2.8) | 82 (3.5) | 20 (4.7) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 2115 (41.6) | 863 (37.2) | 1040 (44.4) | 212 (50.2) | <.001 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 1476 (29.0) | 621 (26.7) | 710 (30.3) | 145 (34.4) | <.001 |
| Congestive heart failure n (%) | 265 (5.2) | 77 (3.3) | 127 (5.4) | 61 (14.5) | <.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 537 (10.6) | 185 (8.0) | 259 (11.1) | 93 (22.0) | <.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 529 (10.4) | 166 (7.2) | 288 (12.3) | 75 (17.8) | <.001 |
| Osteoporosis (n, %) | 3460 (68.0) | 1409 (60.7) | 1694 (72.3) | 357 (84.6) | <.001 |
| Good/excellent self-reported health, n (%) | 4415 (86.8) | 2190 (94.3) | 1978 (84.5) | 247 (58.7) | <.001 |
| Teng Modified Mini-Mental State < 83, n (%) | 219 (4.3) | 57 (2.5) | 115 (4.9) | 47 (11.2) | <.001 |
| Unable to complete chair stand, n (%) | 124 (2.4) | 12 (0.5) | 45 (2.0) | 67 (16.0) | <.001 |
| Any IADL limitations, n (%) | 983 (19.4) | 206 (8.9) | 529 (22.6) | 248 (59.1) | <.001 |
| Leg power (w), mean +/− SD | 211.3 +/− 62.5 | 234.0 +/− 58.4 | 197.3 +/− 57.3 | 150.1 +/− 52.8 | <.001 |
| Creatinine < 60 unmold/L (n, %) | 55 (1.2) | 17 (0.8) | 28 (1.3) | 10 (2.6) | .009 |
| Albumin < 4 g/dL (n, %) | 381 (8.1) | 132 (6.2) | 183 (8.4) | 66 (17.0) | <.001 |
| TNF-α level in highest quartile (n, %) | 77 (20.5) | 98 (26.0) | 19 (34.6) | 194 (24.0) | 0.03 |
| CRP level in highest quartile (n, %) | 72 (19.2) | 97 (25.7) | 25 (45.5) | 194 (24.0) | <.001 |
| IL-6 level in highest quartile (n, %) | 65 (17.4) | 111 (29.5) | 33 (61.1) | 209 (26.0) | <.001 |
V1 = visit 1; SD = standard deviation; SES = socioeconomic status; IADL = instrumental activities of daily livi