Table 2.
Selected examples of lactoferrin (LTF) protective activity against defined inflammation-induced pathologies.
| Experimental model | LTF activity | Immune outcome | Species | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Contact sensitivity to oxazolone | Suppression of the inflammatory parameters by topical application | Inhibition of TH1-type antigen-specific cells activity | Mouse | (140) |
| Endotoxemia | Protection of intestinal integrity, reduction of mortality and morbidity, suppression of serum cytokine levels | Inhibition of ROS, deactivation of RES | Mouse | (16, 20, 146) |
| Gut mucosa damage by chemical irritants | Decreased histological scores | Inhibition of MPO activity and expression of IL-1β and TNF-α | Mouse | (111, 112) |
| Ovalbumin-induced pleurisy | Amelioration of lung pathology | Immune deviation to TH1 cytokine profile | Mouse | (124) |
| Pollen antigen-induced airway inflammation | Attenuation of lung pathology | Inhibition of ROS production | Mouse | (118) |
| TB-induced lung pathology | Decreased lung histopathology and bacterial burden in lung postinfection, lessened organism dissemination, increased Thelper1 response | Increased antigen presentation, modulation of cytokine environment responsible for granulomatous response | Mouse | (36, 132, 147, 148) |
| Autoimmunity | Extension of life span, decline in anti-erythrocyte autoantibody titer | Stimulation of COX1 expression, reduction of IL-2R on autoimmune CD5+ B cells | Mouse | (134) |
| Postoperative response (thymectomy, splenectomy) | Significant inhibition of serum TNF-α and IL-6 | Desensitization of RES | Mouse | (81) |
| Concanavalin A-induced hepatitis | Reduction of pathological changes | Inhibition of IFN γ production by T cells and IL-4 by hepatic NK T cells | Mouse | (141) |
| Intestinal inflammation in experimental hepatitis | Improvement of survival rate | Enhanced expression of IL-11 and bone morphogenetic protein 2 | Mouse | (39) |
| Renal oxidative damage | Suppression of serum creatinine and blood nitrogen urea levels | Preservation of antioxidant enzyme activities | Rat | (26) |
| Bone structure in ovariectomized | Increased bone mass, trabecular number and thickness, and mineral density | Regulation of OPG/RANKL/RANK pathway | Rat | (144) |
| Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Attenuation of inflammatory changes in the spinal cord, improvement of clinical scores | Immune deviation to TH2 type | Rat | (136) |
| Obstructive jaundice | Reduction of liver pathology | Inactivation (binding) of intestinal LPS by LTF | Rat | (108) |
| Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury | Attenuation of gut damage (histologic score and apoptotic index), restoration of γ-GGT, decrease of serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 | Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic | Rat | (113) |
| Colorectal polyps | Suppression of polyp growth | Increased numbers of CD4+ and CD161+ cells in the polyps and neutrophil activity | Human | (114) |
| Multiple sclerosis | Regulation of cytokine profile, improvement of clinical state | Immune deviation to TH2 type | Human | (137) |
| Postoperative response to minor surgery | Optimalization of LPS-induced IL-6 and TNF-α production in whole blood cultures, upregulation of PHA-induced PMBC proliferation | Correction of postoperative shock immune hyporeactivity | Human | (82) |
| Immunoreactivity of septic patients | Regulation of LPS-induced TNF-α production from whole blood culture | Abolishment of hyporesponsiveness of blood leukocytes to LPS | Human | (91) |