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. 2017 Nov 10;7:15255. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14923-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Surgical procedures to finish the bioreactor implantation in vivo. (A) The saphenous arteriovenous blood bundles were fully free; (B) the periosteum was elevated on the surface of the tibia; (C) the saphenous vessel bundle was crossed through the central channel of 3D printed PLA-HA composite scaffolds combined with autologous BMSCs; (D) the scaffolds were rolled with the pedicle-attached periosteum to construct a periosteum capsule.