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. 2017 Nov 10;7:15334. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-15285-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Progesterone decreased transcription of NF-κB target genes in the synovial membrane of inflamed TMJ. Transcription of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6 in the synovial membrane was examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction 24 hours after the induction of TMJ inflammation. The mRNA expression of these genes was significantly induced in the groups with inflammation compared with control group and was further decreased by P4 in a dose-dependent manner. *P < 0.05 versus control; ^# P < 0.05 versus sham; ^& P < 0.05 versus 0 μg; ^$ P < 0.05 versus all other groups, by two-way ANOVA.