Table 1.
Characteristic | n (%) | |
Publication country of origin (n=54) | ||
Australia | 1 (2) | |
Canada | 5 (9) | |
China | 1 (2) | |
Finland | 2 (4) | |
Germany | 1 (2) | |
Netherlands | 4 (7) | |
Norway | 7 (13) | |
Portugal | 1 (2) | |
Slovenia | 1 (2) | |
Spain | 2 (4) | |
Sweden | 2 (4) | |
Switzerland | 1 (2) | |
United States | 26 (48) | |
Unique studies (n=53) | ||
Original study | 48 (91) | |
Protocol | 4 (7.5) | |
Editorial or commentary | 1 (2) | |
Study context or setting of use (n=53) | ||
Academic (ie, Department of behavioral sciences) | 4 (7.5) | |
Business (ie, CVS and Walmart) | 1 (2) | |
Integrated health care organization (ie, Kaiser Permanente) | 2 (4) | |
Primary care | 19 (36) | |
Tertiary care outpatient clinics | 27 (51) | |
Population (n=53) | ||
Adults or all | 49 (92) | |
Pediatrics (<18 years) | 4 (7.5) | |
Disease or clinical area of interest (n=68)a | ||
Cardiovascular disease or stroke | 6 (9) | |
Chronic respiratory condition | 10 (15) | |
Diabetes | 20 (29) | |
Mental health | 8 (12) | |
Chronic pain | 5 (7) | |
Other | ||
Dermatology | 2 (3) | |
Irritable bowel disease or syndrome | 2 (3) | |
Cerebral palsy | 1 (1.5) | |
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) | 1 (1.5) | |
Rheumatic disease | 1 (1.5) | |
Obesity | 1 (1.5) | |
Hypertension | 2 (3) | |
Fibromyalgia | 2 (3) | |
Cystic fibrosis | 1 (1.5) | |
Impaired mobility | 1 (1.5) | |
Nonspecific (Chronically ill) | 5 (7) |
aSome studies evaluated the tool in multiple contexts, for example, in diabetes and mental health.