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. 2017 Nov 6;7:268. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00268

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Copyright © 2017 Hu, Murdaugh and Nakada.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Lineage switch in leukemia. Most lineage switch in leukemia is from ALL to AML, with occasional AML to ALL switches being observed. Lineage switch could be mediated by therapy-mediated (such as CAR-T immunotherapies) selection of heterogeneous leukemic clones that survive the therapy and expand to produce an altered lineage output. Transcription factors such as Pu.1, C/ebp-α, Pax5, and Ebf1, together with cytokines such as IL-3, M-CSF, and GM-CSF, may mediate the lineage switch. AML, acute myeloid leukemia; ALL, acute lymphoid leukemia; CML, chronic myeloid leukemia; LSC, leukemia stem cell; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL-3, interleukin 3.