Table 2.
Effect sizes of included studies in this meta-analysis
| Study ID | CEC (median/mean) |
Events | HR/RR/OR (95% CI) | Adjustment factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bauer, L 2017 [30] | 12.2 ± 2.4 | CVE | Q1: 1; Q2: 0.58 (0.33–1.00); Q3: 0.67 (0.39–1.15); Q4: 0.91 (0.51–1.62); |
Age, sex, BMI, BP, smoking status, GFR, and log albuminuria |
| Tejera-Segura, B 2017 [31] | Control: 16.9 ± 10.4; Case: 18.9 ± 9.0 |
Subclinical atherosclerosis | 0.94 (0.89–0.98) | Age, sex, SBP, DM, ESR, DAS28 and tocilizumab use |
| Kopecky, C, 2016 [32] | T1: 0.73; T2: 0.89; T3: 1.08 |
CVD | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | Traditional risk factors, LDL-C, HDL-C, apoA-I, and CRP |
| Javaheri, A, 2016 [33] | Alive: 0.98 ± 0.03; Dead: 0.89 ± 0.03. |
Mortality | 0.19 (0.06–0.56) | HDL-C, LDL-C, ischemic origin, and rejection |
| Mody, P, 2016 [34] | / | CVD | 0.35 (0.23–0.55) | TC, HDL-C, history of blood pressure medication use, BMI, and CRP |
| Liu, C 2016 [35] | Q1: 0.70 (0.17–0.79); Q2: 0.86 (0.79–0.93); Q3: 1.00 (0.93–1.07); Q4: 1.15 (1.07–2.01) |
All-cause death and cardiovascular death | All-cause death: 0.10 (0.01–0.74); Cardiovascular death: 0.08 (0.01–0.68) |
Age, sex, BMI, smoking and alcohol drinking, hypertension, DM, dyslipidemia, lipid-lowering drug use, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, and apoA-I |
| Zhang, J 2016 [36] | / | CVD | 0.30 (0.14–0.67) | Age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, current smoking, LDL-C, HDL-C, Apo A, Apo B, and regular medication |
| Ogura, M, 2016 [37] | / | Incidence of CVD | 0.95 (0.90–0.99) | Age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking history, obesity, LDL-C, TG, HDL-C |
| Annema, W, 2016 [38] | T1 (%): 5.8(5.3–6.4); T2 (%): 7.3(6.8–7.9); T3 (%): 9.0(8.2–9.8) |
All-cause death and cardiovascular death | CV mortality: 0.96 (0.72–1.27); All-cause mortality: 0.84 (0.68–1.04) |
Age, sex, apo A-I, HDL-C cholesterol and creatinine clearance |
| Ishikawa, T, 2016 [39] | CAD: 0.86 ± 0.26; Non-CAD: 1.02 ± 0.38 |
Incidence of CVD | 0.23 (0.056–0.91) | Baseline adjustment |
| Saleheen, D, 2015 [40] | / | Incidence of CHD events | Top vs. bottom: 0.64 (0.51–0.80); Per 1 SD: 0.80 (0.70–0.90) |
Age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, cigarette use, alcohol use, waist:hip ratio and BMI, LDL-C, TG and HDL-C |
| Rohatgi, A, 2014 [12] | 0.21–3.93 | Incidence of CVD | 0.33 (0.109–0.55) | Age, sex, race, diabetes, hypertension,smoking, BMI, TG, TC, and statin use |
| Li, X M, 2013 [41] | / | Incidence of CAD and MACE | 1.85 (1.11–3.06) | Age, sex, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, LDL-C, and HDL-C |
| Khera, A V, 2011 [29] | Case: 0.82; Control: 0.9 |
CAD | Per 1 SD increase: 0.75 (0.63–0.90); Q4 vs. Q1: 0.48 (0.30–0.78) |
Cardiovascular risk factors and HDL-C |
| Khera, A V, 2011 [29] | 0.77(0.36–1.68) | CVD prevalence | Per 1 SD increase: 0.97 (0.94–0.99) |
Age, sex, cardiovascular risk factors a nd HDL-C |
Notes: CEC cholesterol efflux capacity, RR risk ratio, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio, NOS Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, CKD chronic kidney disease, CVE cardiovascular event, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, SBP systolic blood pressure, GFR glomerular filtration rate, RA rheumatoid arthritis, DM diabetes mellitus, ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CVD cardiovascular disease, LDL-C low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, Apo apolipoprotein, CRP C-reactive Protein, TC total cholesterol, CAD coronary artery disease, Q quartile, TG triglyceride, CHD coronary heart disease events, T tertiles, MACE major adverse cardiovascular event