. 2017 Nov 10;16:211. doi: 10.1186/s12944-017-0602-7

Table 3.

Effects of bitter gourd on blood parameters in comparison to control in hyperglycemic rats (Study II)

		Control diet (D₀)	Skin		Flesh		Whole fruit
		Control diet (D₀)	150 mg/kg (D₁)	300 mg/kg (D₂)	150 mg/kg (D₃)	300 mg/kg (D₄)	150 mg/kg (D₅)	300 mg/kg (D₆)
Glucose (mg/dL)	0 day	88.17 ± 0.99ⁱ	88.80 ± 1.61ⁱ	89.00 ± 3.00ⁱ	89.10 ± 1.41ⁱ	88.03 ± 0.91ⁱ	89.83 ± 2.27ⁱ	90.40 ± 1.93ⁱ
	28 day	113.80 ± 2.03^c	102.00 ± 2.26^def	100.33 ± 1.93^efg	98.13 ± 1.91^fgh	97.00 ± 1.35^gh	97.50 ± 1.57^gh	94.47 ± 3.70^h
	56 day	142.93 ± 2.70^a	117.83 ± 3.07^b	112.23 ± 2.46^c	110.80 ± 3.36^c	104.53 ± 4.23^d	103.57 ± 3.00^de	97.70 ± 2.17^gh
Insulin (μIU/mL)	0 day	9.40 ± 0.26^g	9.47 ± 0.23^g	9.60 ± 0.36^g	9.63 ± 0.25^g	9.83 ± 0.51^g	9.23 ± 0.12^g	9.50 ± 0.10^g
	28 day	10.80 ± 0.46^f	13.83 ± 0.76^d	14.00 ± 0.44^cd	13.90 ± 0.72^d	14.50 ± 0.10^bcd	14.40 ± 0.17^bcd	14.97 ± 0.35^ab
	56 day	12.23 ± 0.74^e	14.77 ± 0.81^abc	14.93 ± 0.75^ab	14.80 ± 0.79^abc	15.13 ± 0.49^ab	15.10 ± 0.30^ab	15.33 ± 0.25^a
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	0 day	79.50 ± 1.13^e	79.55 ± 0.92^e	80.45 ± 1.77^e	79.75 ± 0.64^e	79.65 ± 0.78^e	78.00 ± 1.84^e	79.80 ± 2.12^e
	28 day	98.27 ± 1.12^c	91.87 ± 1.34^d	90.50 ± 1.44^d	90.40 ± 2.98^d	89.87 ± 1.00^d	90.63 ± 2.45^d	90.20 ± 3.38^d
	56 day	129.07 ± 1.25^a	103.07 ± 1.83^b	100.80 ± 1.30^bc	99.50 ± 1.13^bc	97.97 ± 1.77^c	98.37 ± 1.52^c	98.00 ± 3.22^c
LDL (mg/dL)	0 day	29.53 ± 3.23^hi	28.87 ± 1.37^hi	29.30 ± 2.57^hi	28.17 ± 1.45ⁱ	28.93 ± 2.66^hi	28.70 ± 1.55^hi	28.07 ± 1.46ⁱ
	28 day	38.93 ± 1.55^f	33.63 ± 1.45^g	32.10 ± 2.11^gh	31.80 ± 1.95^gh	29.77 ± 2.49^hi	31.40 ± 3.02^ghi	29.17 ± 1.85^hi
	56 day	63.85 ± 2.47^a	55.80 ± 1.87^b	51.07 ± 1.77^c	49.67 ± 2.40^cd	46.33 ± 2.80^de	49.57 ± 1.55^cd	45.63 ± 2.51^e
HDL (mg/dL)	0 day	34.93 ± 2.37^de	35.20 ± 1.55^de	34.90 ± 2.23^de	35.10 ± 2.66^de	34.50 ± 1.57^de	34.77 ± 0.99^de	33.53 ± 0.93^e
	28 day	35.93 ± 2.27^de	37.23 ± 0.95^d	41.73 ± 2.24^c	41.60 ± 1.51^c	41.73 ± 1.75^c	40.87 ± 1.99^c	42.00 ± 1.90^c
	56 day	35.97 ± 2.25^de	42.23 ± 1.19^c	43.23 ± 1.17^bc	42.90 ± 1.61^bc	43.30 ± 0.98^ab	45.63 ± 2.80^ab	47.43 ± 1.12^a
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	0 day	67.43 ± 0.76^g	68.30 ± 1.21^g	68.40 ± 2.11^g	68.03 ± 2.31^g	68.13 ± 1.98^g	68.93 ± 1.32^g	67.53 ± 0.78^g
	28 day	81.43 ± 2.70^de	78.37 ± 1.56^ef	77.37 ± 2.43^f	77.33 ± 1.53^f	76.53 ± 2.15^f	77.30 ± 1.70^f	76.30 ± 2.80^f
	56 day	92.87 ± 3.80^a	87.00 ± 2.66^b	85.43 ± 1.01^bc	85.53 ± 1.60^bc	85.10 ± 1.64^bc	84.90 ± 2.76^bc	82.37 ± 2.44^cd
ALP (IU/L)	0 day	165.33 ± 4.52^e	164.10 ± 5.85^e	164.90 ± 1.51^e	164.53 ± 2.01^e	165.63 ± 4.87^e	164.20 ± 3.28^e	164.73 ± 3.54^e
	28 day	193.43 ± 2.54^b	189.80 ± 6.12^bcd	187.47 ± 4.66^bcd	185.63 ± 4.57^cd	184.33 ± 2.06^d	184.50 ± 3.68^d	184.33 ± 5.66^d
	56 day	203.40 ± 2.46^a	193.67 ± 3.91^b	193.60 ± 3.05^b	191.53 ± 3.51^bc	191.20 ± 2.65^bc	191.47 ± 4.28^bc	187.83 ± 1.89^bcd
ALT (IU/L)	0 day	42.63 ± 0.90^bcd	42.20 ± 1.31^bcd	42.83 ± 1.75^bcd	41.17 ± 1.08^d	42.17 ± 0.90^bcd	42.00 ± 2.39^cd	41.03 ± 2.18^d
	28 day	44.23 ± 1.88^bc	42.47 ± 0.93^bcd	42.23 ± 1.70^bcd	42.13 ± 1.10^bcd	41.30 ± 0.87^d	41.93 ± 0.47^cd	41.83 ± 2.76^cd
	56 day	49.37 ± 0.70^a	44.57 ± 0.83^b	43.93 ± 1.56^bc	43.87 ± 1.63^bc	43.30 ± 1.11^bcd	43.37 ± 1.16^bcd	43.20 ± 1.42^bcd
AST (IU/L)	0 day	135.27 ± 2.55^g	136.90 ± 0.44^g	136.97 ± 1.67^g	136.70 ± 1.00^g	137.10 ± 0.62^g	136.13 ± 0.67^g	136.43 ± 0.93^g
	28 day	146.67 ± 2.29^b	142.57 ± 1.96^cdef	142.37 ± 2.06^ef	142.50 ± 1.64^def	142.27 ± 0.90^ef	142.07 ± 1.12^f	141.90 ± 0.85^f
	56 day	151.93 ± 2.10^a	145.40 ± 1.35^b	145.13 ± 1.24^b	145.20 ± 1.54^b	144.83 ± 1.42^bcd	145.00 ± 1.41^bc	144.60 ± 1.31^bcde
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	0 day	0.74 ± 0.04^de	0.74 ± 0.05^de	0.73 ± 0.01^e	0.72 ± 0.02^e	0.74 ± 0.01^de	0.73 ± 0.03^e	0.73 ± 0.02^e
	28 day	0.91 ± 0.03^a	0.87 ± 0.02^b	0.86 ± 0.02^b	0.86 ± 0.02^b	0.85 ± 0.01^b	0.85 ± 0.01^b	0.84 ± 0.01^b
	56 day	0.91 ± 0.03^a	0.80 ± 0.02^c	0.79 ± 0.03^c	0.79 ± 0.03^c	0.78 ± 0.02^c	0.78 ± 0.02^c	0.77 ± 0.01^cd
Serum urea (mg/dL)	0 day	27.21 ± 1.03^bcd	27.31 ± 0.75^bcd	27.90 ± 2.11^bcd	27.20 ± 0.40^bcd	27.80 ± 1.49^bcd	25.90 ± 1.44^d	27.57 ± 1.01^bcd
	28 day	30.90 ± 1.56^a	28.67 ± 0.87^b	28.30 ± 1.40^bc	27.60 ± 1.93^bcd	27.43 ± 1.10^bcd	26.93 ± 0.81^bcd	26.67 ± 1.03^bcd
	56 day	32.48 ± 1.13^a	27.75 ± 0.90^bcd	27.47 ± 1.14^bcd	27.17 ± 2.05^bcd	27.10 ± 1.51^bcd	26.73 ± 1.15^bcd	26.21 ± 1.58^cd

Values are Mean ± SD of 3 independent determinations; different letters in a row represent significant differences (p < 0.05)