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. 2017 Nov 10;16:211. doi: 10.1186/s12944-017-0602-7

Table 3.

Effects of bitter gourd on blood parameters in comparison to control in hyperglycemic rats (Study II)

Control diet (D0) Skin Flesh Whole fruit
150 mg/kg (D1) 300 mg/kg (D2) 150 mg/kg (D3) 300 mg/kg (D4) 150 mg/kg (D5) 300 mg/kg (D6)
Glucose (mg/dL) 0 day 88.17 ± 0.99i 88.80 ± 1.61i 89.00 ± 3.00i 89.10 ± 1.41i 88.03 ± 0.91i 89.83 ± 2.27i 90.40 ± 1.93i
28 day 113.80 ± 2.03c 102.00 ± 2.26def 100.33 ± 1.93efg 98.13 ± 1.91fgh 97.00 ± 1.35gh 97.50 ± 1.57gh 94.47 ± 3.70h
56 day 142.93 ± 2.70a 117.83 ± 3.07b 112.23 ± 2.46c 110.80 ± 3.36c 104.53 ± 4.23d 103.57 ± 3.00de 97.70 ± 2.17gh
Insulin (μIU/mL) 0 day 9.40 ± 0.26g 9.47 ± 0.23g 9.60 ± 0.36g 9.63 ± 0.25g 9.83 ± 0.51g 9.23 ± 0.12g 9.50 ± 0.10g
28 day 10.80 ± 0.46f 13.83 ± 0.76d 14.00 ± 0.44cd 13.90 ± 0.72d 14.50 ± 0.10bcd 14.40 ± 0.17bcd 14.97 ± 0.35ab
56 day 12.23 ± 0.74e 14.77 ± 0.81abc 14.93 ± 0.75ab 14.80 ± 0.79abc 15.13 ± 0.49ab 15.10 ± 0.30ab 15.33 ± 0.25a
Cholesterol (mg/dL) 0 day 79.50 ± 1.13e 79.55 ± 0.92e 80.45 ± 1.77e 79.75 ± 0.64e 79.65 ± 0.78e 78.00 ± 1.84e 79.80 ± 2.12e
28 day 98.27 ± 1.12c 91.87 ± 1.34d 90.50 ± 1.44d 90.40 ± 2.98d 89.87 ± 1.00d 90.63 ± 2.45d 90.20 ± 3.38d
56 day 129.07 ± 1.25a 103.07 ± 1.83b 100.80 ± 1.30bc 99.50 ± 1.13bc 97.97 ± 1.77c 98.37 ± 1.52c 98.00 ± 3.22c
LDL (mg/dL) 0 day 29.53 ± 3.23hi 28.87 ± 1.37hi 29.30 ± 2.57hi 28.17 ± 1.45i 28.93 ± 2.66hi 28.70 ± 1.55hi 28.07 ± 1.46i
28 day 38.93 ± 1.55f 33.63 ± 1.45g 32.10 ± 2.11gh 31.80 ± 1.95gh 29.77 ± 2.49hi 31.40 ± 3.02ghi 29.17 ± 1.85hi
56 day 63.85 ± 2.47a 55.80 ± 1.87b 51.07 ± 1.77c 49.67 ± 2.40cd 46.33 ± 2.80de 49.57 ± 1.55cd 45.63 ± 2.51e
HDL (mg/dL) 0 day 34.93 ± 2.37de 35.20 ± 1.55de 34.90 ± 2.23de 35.10 ± 2.66de 34.50 ± 1.57de 34.77 ± 0.99de 33.53 ± 0.93e
28 day 35.93 ± 2.27de 37.23 ± 0.95d 41.73 ± 2.24c 41.60 ± 1.51c 41.73 ± 1.75c 40.87 ± 1.99c 42.00 ± 1.90c
56 day 35.97 ± 2.25de 42.23 ± 1.19c 43.23 ± 1.17bc 42.90 ± 1.61bc 43.30 ± 0.98ab 45.63 ± 2.80ab 47.43 ± 1.12a
Triglycerides (mg/dL) 0 day 67.43 ± 0.76g 68.30 ± 1.21g 68.40 ± 2.11g 68.03 ± 2.31g 68.13 ± 1.98g 68.93 ± 1.32g 67.53 ± 0.78g
28 day 81.43 ± 2.70de 78.37 ± 1.56ef 77.37 ± 2.43f 77.33 ± 1.53f 76.53 ± 2.15f 77.30 ± 1.70f 76.30 ± 2.80f
56 day 92.87 ± 3.80a 87.00 ± 2.66b 85.43 ± 1.01bc 85.53 ± 1.60bc 85.10 ± 1.64bc 84.90 ± 2.76bc 82.37 ± 2.44cd
ALP (IU/L) 0 day 165.33 ± 4.52e 164.10 ± 5.85e 164.90 ± 1.51e 164.53 ± 2.01e 165.63 ± 4.87e 164.20 ± 3.28e 164.73 ± 3.54e
28 day 193.43 ± 2.54b 189.80 ± 6.12bcd 187.47 ± 4.66bcd 185.63 ± 4.57cd 184.33 ± 2.06d 184.50 ± 3.68d 184.33 ± 5.66d
56 day 203.40 ± 2.46a 193.67 ± 3.91b 193.60 ± 3.05b 191.53 ± 3.51bc 191.20 ± 2.65bc 191.47 ± 4.28bc 187.83 ± 1.89bcd
ALT (IU/L) 0 day 42.63 ± 0.90bcd 42.20 ± 1.31bcd 42.83 ± 1.75bcd 41.17 ± 1.08d 42.17 ± 0.90bcd 42.00 ± 2.39cd 41.03 ± 2.18d
28 day 44.23 ± 1.88bc 42.47 ± 0.93bcd 42.23 ± 1.70bcd 42.13 ± 1.10bcd 41.30 ± 0.87d 41.93 ± 0.47cd 41.83 ± 2.76cd
56 day 49.37 ± 0.70a 44.57 ± 0.83b 43.93 ± 1.56bc 43.87 ± 1.63bc 43.30 ± 1.11bcd 43.37 ± 1.16bcd 43.20 ± 1.42bcd
AST (IU/L) 0 day 135.27 ± 2.55g 136.90 ± 0.44g 136.97 ± 1.67g 136.70 ± 1.00g 137.10 ± 0.62g 136.13 ± 0.67g 136.43 ± 0.93g
28 day 146.67 ± 2.29b 142.57 ± 1.96cdef 142.37 ± 2.06ef 142.50 ± 1.64def 142.27 ± 0.90ef 142.07 ± 1.12f 141.90 ± 0.85f
56 day 151.93 ± 2.10a 145.40 ± 1.35b 145.13 ± 1.24b 145.20 ± 1.54b 144.83 ± 1.42bcd 145.00 ± 1.41bc 144.60 ± 1.31bcde
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) 0 day 0.74 ± 0.04de 0.74 ± 0.05de 0.73 ± 0.01e 0.72 ± 0.02e 0.74 ± 0.01de 0.73 ± 0.03e 0.73 ± 0.02e
28 day 0.91 ± 0.03a 0.87 ± 0.02b 0.86 ± 0.02b 0.86 ± 0.02b 0.85 ± 0.01b 0.85 ± 0.01b 0.84 ± 0.01b
56 day 0.91 ± 0.03a 0.80 ± 0.02c 0.79 ± 0.03c 0.79 ± 0.03c 0.78 ± 0.02c 0.78 ± 0.02c 0.77 ± 0.01cd
Serum urea (mg/dL) 0 day 27.21 ± 1.03bcd 27.31 ± 0.75bcd 27.90 ± 2.11bcd 27.20 ± 0.40bcd 27.80 ± 1.49bcd 25.90 ± 1.44d 27.57 ± 1.01bcd
28 day 30.90 ± 1.56a 28.67 ± 0.87b 28.30 ± 1.40bc 27.60 ± 1.93bcd 27.43 ± 1.10bcd 26.93 ± 0.81bcd 26.67 ± 1.03bcd
56 day 32.48 ± 1.13a 27.75 ± 0.90bcd 27.47 ± 1.14bcd 27.17 ± 2.05bcd 27.10 ± 1.51bcd 26.73 ± 1.15bcd 26.21 ± 1.58cd

Values are Mean ± SD of 3 independent determinations; different letters in a row represent significant differences (p < 0.05)