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. 2017 Nov 10;16:211. doi: 10.1186/s12944-017-0602-7

Table 4.

Effects of bitter gourd on blood parameters in comparison to control in hyperlipidemic rats (Study III)

Control diet (D0) Skin Flesh Whole fruit
150 mg/kg (D1) 300 mg/kg (D2) 150 mg/kg (D3) 300 mg/kg (D4) 150 mg/kg (D5) 300 mg/kg (D6)
Glucose (mg/dL) 0 day 87.50 ± 0.80h 87.97 ± 0.67h 88.63 ± 1.38h 89.50 ± 1.57h 88.80 ± 1.31h 88.50 ± 2.08h 87.83 ± 2.00h
28 day 98.43 ± 1.21bcde 96.77 ± 1.25def 96.40 ± 1.23def 96.10 ± 2.13defg 95.40 ± 2.39fg 95.70 ± 1.84efg 94.63 ± 1.72fg
56 day 106.33 ± 2.52a 100.33 ± 1.53b 99.87 ± 1.86bc 98.57 ± 1.03bcd 97.30 ± 2.56cdef 95.27 ± 1.99fg 93.50 ± 0.60g
Insulin (μIU/mL) 0 day 9.53 ± 0.15h 9.57 ± 0.12h 9.66 ± 0.23h 9.36 ± 0.27h 9.68 ± 0.91h 9.86 ± 0.19h 9.57 ± 0.74h
28 day 10.67 ± 0.75g 10.87 ± 0.74g 11.07 ± 0.67fg 10.77 ± 0.46g 11.27 ± 0.32efg 11.20 ± 0.46efg 11.83 ± 0.64cdef
56 day 11.37 ± 0.96defg 12.00 ± 0.62cde 12.93 ± 0.38ab 12.17 ± 0.32bcd 12.97 ± 0.67ab 12.57 ± 0.47abc 13.10 ± 0.20a
Cholesterol (mg/dL) 0 day 80.77 ± 3.15h 80.47 ± 3.72h 79.90 ± 2.01h 79.47 ± 3.07h 80.47 ± 2.34h 79.53 ± 3.43h 78.67 ± 3.06h
28 day 128.00 ± 4.36bc 114.87 ± 3.82ef 109.33 ± 2.42g 110.67 ± 1.31fg 107.40 ± 2.26g 107.33 ± 1.53g 109.33 ± 4.86g
56 day 160.67 ± 4.16a 129.33 ± 2.52b 125.30 ± 3.08bc 123.37 ± 3.28cd 116.70 ± 2.54e 124.70 ± 2.86bc 118.83 ± 1.91de
LDL (mg/dL) 0 day 29.73 ± 3.87i 28.63 ± 1.08i 29.03 ± 2.75i 28.67 ± 2.15i 27.90 ± 0.89i 28.30 ± 2.10i 28.73 ± 1.50i
28 day 49.40 ± 1.35f 40.57 ± 1.63g 40.17 ± 1.27g 39.57 ± 1.53 gh 39.00 ± 0.26gh 37.37 ± 2.30gh 36.13 ± 1.63h
56 day 74.33 ± 3.31a 63.20 ± 3.51b 60.23 ± 3.40bc 57.00 ± 1.28cd 54.67 ± 2.40de 54.57 ± 1.55de 53.20 ± 2.54e
HDL (mg/dL) 0 day 34.57 ± 2.12h 34.27 ± 1.06h 34.83 ± 2.80h 32.23 ± 1.68h 34.30 ± 1.45h 34.83 ± 1.75h 33.40 ± 1.35h
28 day 35.93 ± 1.46gh 39.13 ± 1.24fg 42.40 ± 3.20ef 43.07 ± 3.82def 43.33 ± 2.69de 45.73 ± 2.74bcde 47.70 ± 1.31abc
56 day 35.97 ± 1.72gh 44.90 ± 2.41cde 47.03 ± 2.85bcd 46.00 ± 2.69bcde 49.30 ± 1.97ab 49.20 ± 4.68ab 51.63 ± 4.07a
Triglycerides (mg/dL) 0 day 67.70 ± 2.12e 68.27 ± 1.06e 67.63 ± 2.80e 68.80 ± 1.68e 69.17 ± 1.45e 68.70 ± 1.75e 67.37 ± 1.35e
28 day 96.67 ± 4.09c 81.67 ± 2.18d 80.10 ± 2.46d 81.03 ± 3.10d 79.43 ± 1.63d 78.57 ± 3.19d 77.03 ± 2.75d
56 day 124.67 ± 3.06a 103.57 ± 3.37b 99.70 ± 1.25bc 99.27 ± 4.34bc 99.23 ± 5.19bc 98.67 ± 2.34c 98.23 ± 4.47c
ALP (IU/L) 0 day 163.93 ± 3.04f 162.27 ± 4.73f 165.07 ± 3.21f 164.93 ± 4.46f 165.37 ± 3.75f 163.87 ± 3.21f 164.40 ± 1.66f
28 day 196.13 ± 1.70b 190.37 ± 5.93bcde 187.53 ± 5.15de 186.43 ± 3.57de 187.00 ± 3.65de 186.17 ± 2.27de 185.00 ± 3.60e
56 day 210.43 ± 4.04a 194.67 ± 2.28bc 194.57 ± 3.44bc 192.03 ± 4.24bcd 191.53 ± 3.21bcd 191.30 ± 4.55bcd 189.03 ± 3.48cde
ALT (IU/L) 0 day 42.27 ± 1.25fg 42.37 ± 0.80fg 41.17 ± 0.40g 42.03 ± 1.46fg 41.20 ± 1.49g 42.00 ± 1.55fg 41.43 ± 1.33g
28 day 47.80 ± 1.23bc 43.40 ± 0.56efg 43.30 ± 1.92efg 43.40 ± 0.82efg 43.03 ± 1.26fg 43.27 ± 1.04fg 43.07 ± 1.00fg
56 day 53.77 ± 1.76a 48.77 ± 1.50b 47.27 ± 0.91bc 46.50 ± 3.18bcd 45.87 ± 1.53cde 44.57 ± 3.10def 44.17 ± 1.70def
AST (IU/L) 0 day 136.03 ± 1.22e 137.00 ± 0.78e 136.63 ± 0.76e 136.47 ± 0.93e 136.43 ± 0.85e 137.23 ± 0.55e 135.73 ± 1.11e
28 day 156.00 ± 1.73c 148.07 ± 0.71d 147.70 ± 2.02d 148.07 ± 1.12d 147.27 ± 1.10d 147.47 ± 1.52d 147.83 ± 1.05d
56 day 172.67 ± 2.11a 162.07 ± 1.99b 161.67 ± 1.46b 161.87 ± 2.03b 161.50 ± 1.47b 161.13 ± 1.79b 161.53 ± 1.70b
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) 0 day 0.73 ± 0.02f 0.75 ± 0.02f 0.74 ± 0.01f 0.73 ± 0.02f 0.75 ± 0.01f 0.72 ± 0.02f 0.73 ± 0.02f
28 day 0.98 ± 0.98b 0.91 ± 0.91c 0.89 ± 0.89c 0.91 ± 0.91c 0.89 ± 0.89c 0.89 ± 0.89c 0.88 ± 0.88cd
56 day 1.17 ± 0.05a 0.84 ± 0.03de 0.83 ± 0.04e 0.84 ± 0.02de 0.82 ± 0.02e 0.82 ± 0.01e 0.81 ± 0.01e
Serum urea (mg/dL) 0 day 26.23 ± 0.29f 26.73 ± 0.84ef 27.07 ± 1.25ef 26.67 ± 0.68ef 27.16 ± 1.01ef 27.25 ± 0.27ef 28.05 ± 0.68e
28 day 35.07 ± 2.65b 32.83 ± 1.63cd 32.53 ± 0.83cd 32.43 ± 1.20cd 32.29 ± 0.52cd 31.57 ± 0.96d 31.40 ± 0.89d
56 day 37.47 ± 1.12a 34.00 ± 0.75bc 33.13 ± 0.29cd 33.07 ± 1.31cd 32.50 ± 0.52cd 33.00 ± 0.61cd 32.23 ± 1.15d

Values are Mean ± SD of 3 independent determinations; different letters in a row represent significant differences (p < 0.05)