. 2017 Nov 10;16:211. doi: 10.1186/s12944-017-0602-7

Table 4.

Effects of bitter gourd on blood parameters in comparison to control in hyperlipidemic rats (Study III)

		Control diet (D₀)	Skin		Flesh		Whole fruit
		Control diet (D₀)	150 mg/kg (D₁)	300 mg/kg (D₂)	150 mg/kg (D₃)	300 mg/kg (D₄)	150 mg/kg (D₅)	300 mg/kg (D₆)
Glucose (mg/dL)	0 day	87.50 ± 0.80^h	87.97 ± 0.67^h	88.63 ± 1.38^h	89.50 ± 1.57^h	88.80 ± 1.31^h	88.50 ± 2.08^h	87.83 ± 2.00^h
	28 day	98.43 ± 1.21^bcde	96.77 ± 1.25^def	96.40 ± 1.23^def	96.10 ± 2.13^defg	95.40 ± 2.39^fg	95.70 ± 1.84^efg	94.63 ± 1.72^fg
	56 day	106.33 ± 2.52^a	100.33 ± 1.53^b	99.87 ± 1.86^bc	98.57 ± 1.03^bcd	97.30 ± 2.56^cdef	95.27 ± 1.99^fg	93.50 ± 0.60^g
Insulin (μIU/mL)	0 day	9.53 ± 0.15^h	9.57 ± 0.12^h	9.66 ± 0.23^h	9.36 ± 0.27^h	9.68 ± 0.91^h	9.86 ± 0.19^h	9.57 ± 0.74^h
	28 day	10.67 ± 0.75^g	10.87 ± 0.74^g	11.07 ± 0.67^fg	10.77 ± 0.46^g	11.27 ± 0.32^efg	11.20 ± 0.46^efg	11.83 ± 0.64^cdef
	56 day	11.37 ± 0.96^defg	12.00 ± 0.62^cde	12.93 ± 0.38^ab	12.17 ± 0.32^bcd	12.97 ± 0.67^ab	12.57 ± 0.47^abc	13.10 ± 0.20^a
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	0 day	80.77 ± 3.15^h	80.47 ± 3.72^h	79.90 ± 2.01^h	79.47 ± 3.07^h	80.47 ± 2.34^h	79.53 ± 3.43^h	78.67 ± 3.06^h
	28 day	128.00 ± 4.36^bc	114.87 ± 3.82^ef	109.33 ± 2.42^g	110.67 ± 1.31^fg	107.40 ± 2.26^g	107.33 ± 1.53^g	109.33 ± 4.86^g
	56 day	160.67 ± 4.16^a	129.33 ± 2.52^b	125.30 ± 3.08^bc	123.37 ± 3.28^cd	116.70 ± 2.54^e	124.70 ± 2.86^bc	118.83 ± 1.91^de
LDL (mg/dL)	0 day	29.73 ± 3.87ⁱ	28.63 ± 1.08ⁱ	29.03 ± 2.75ⁱ	28.67 ± 2.15ⁱ	27.90 ± 0.89ⁱ	28.30 ± 2.10ⁱ	28.73 ± 1.50ⁱ
	28 day	49.40 ± 1.35^f	40.57 ± 1.63^g	40.17 ± 1.27^g	39.57 ± 1.53 gh	39.00 ± 0.26^gh	37.37 ± 2.30^gh	36.13 ± 1.63^h
	56 day	74.33 ± 3.31^a	63.20 ± 3.51^b	60.23 ± 3.40^bc	57.00 ± 1.28^cd	54.67 ± 2.40^de	54.57 ± 1.55^de	53.20 ± 2.54^e
HDL (mg/dL)	0 day	34.57 ± 2.12^h	34.27 ± 1.06^h	34.83 ± 2.80^h	32.23 ± 1.68^h	34.30 ± 1.45^h	34.83 ± 1.75^h	33.40 ± 1.35^h
	28 day	35.93 ± 1.46^gh	39.13 ± 1.24^fg	42.40 ± 3.20^ef	43.07 ± 3.82^def	43.33 ± 2.69^de	45.73 ± 2.74^bcde	47.70 ± 1.31^abc
	56 day	35.97 ± 1.72^gh	44.90 ± 2.41^cde	47.03 ± 2.85^bcd	46.00 ± 2.69^bcde	49.30 ± 1.97^ab	49.20 ± 4.68^ab	51.63 ± 4.07^a
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	0 day	67.70 ± 2.12^e	68.27 ± 1.06^e	67.63 ± 2.80^e	68.80 ± 1.68^e	69.17 ± 1.45^e	68.70 ± 1.75^e	67.37 ± 1.35^e
	28 day	96.67 ± 4.09^c	81.67 ± 2.18^d	80.10 ± 2.46^d	81.03 ± 3.10^d	79.43 ± 1.63^d	78.57 ± 3.19^d	77.03 ± 2.75^d
	56 day	124.67 ± 3.06^a	103.57 ± 3.37^b	99.70 ± 1.25^bc	99.27 ± 4.34^bc	99.23 ± 5.19^bc	98.67 ± 2.34^c	98.23 ± 4.47^c
ALP (IU/L)	0 day	163.93 ± 3.04^f	162.27 ± 4.73^f	165.07 ± 3.21^f	164.93 ± 4.46^f	165.37 ± 3.75^f	163.87 ± 3.21^f	164.40 ± 1.66^f
	28 day	196.13 ± 1.70^b	190.37 ± 5.93^bcde	187.53 ± 5.15^de	186.43 ± 3.57^de	187.00 ± 3.65^de	186.17 ± 2.27^de	185.00 ± 3.60^e
	56 day	210.43 ± 4.04^a	194.67 ± 2.28^bc	194.57 ± 3.44^bc	192.03 ± 4.24^bcd	191.53 ± 3.21^bcd	191.30 ± 4.55^bcd	189.03 ± 3.48^cde
ALT (IU/L)	0 day	42.27 ± 1.25^fg	42.37 ± 0.80^fg	41.17 ± 0.40^g	42.03 ± 1.46^fg	41.20 ± 1.49^g	42.00 ± 1.55^fg	41.43 ± 1.33^g
	28 day	47.80 ± 1.23^bc	43.40 ± 0.56e^fg	43.30 ± 1.92^efg	43.40 ± 0.82^efg	43.03 ± 1.26^fg	43.27 ± 1.04^fg	43.07 ± 1.00^fg
	56 day	53.77 ± 1.76^a	48.77 ± 1.50^b	47.27 ± 0.91^bc	46.50 ± 3.18^bcd	45.87 ± 1.53^cde	44.57 ± 3.10^def	44.17 ± 1.70^def
AST (IU/L)	0 day	136.03 ± 1.22^e	137.00 ± 0.78^e	136.63 ± 0.76^e	136.47 ± 0.93^e	136.43 ± 0.85^e	137.23 ± 0.55^e	135.73 ± 1.11^e
	28 day	156.00 ± 1.73^c	148.07 ± 0.71^d	147.70 ± 2.02^d	148.07 ± 1.12^d	147.27 ± 1.10^d	147.47 ± 1.52^d	147.83 ± 1.05^d
	56 day	172.67 ± 2.11^a	162.07 ± 1.99^b	161.67 ± 1.46^b	161.87 ± 2.03^b	161.50 ± 1.47^b	161.13 ± 1.79^b	161.53 ± 1.70^b
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	0 day	0.73 ± 0.02^f	0.75 ± 0.02^f	0.74 ± 0.01^f	0.73 ± 0.02^f	0.75 ± 0.01^f	0.72 ± 0.02^f	0.73 ± 0.02^f
	28 day	0.98 ± 0.98^b	0.91 ± 0.91^c	0.89 ± 0.89^c	0.91 ± 0.91^c	0.89 ± 0.89^c	0.89 ± 0.89^c	0.88 ± 0.88^cd
	56 day	1.17 ± 0.05^a	0.84 ± 0.03^de	0.83 ± 0.04^e	0.84 ± 0.02^de	0.82 ± 0.02^e	0.82 ± 0.01^e	0.81 ± 0.01^e
Serum urea (mg/dL)	0 day	26.23 ± 0.29^f	26.73 ± 0.84^ef	27.07 ± 1.25^ef	26.67 ± 0.68^ef	27.16 ± 1.01^ef	27.25 ± 0.27^ef	28.05 ± 0.68^e
	28 day	35.07 ± 2.65^b	32.83 ± 1.63^cd	32.53 ± 0.83^cd	32.43 ± 1.20^cd	32.29 ± 0.52^cd	31.57 ± 0.96^d	31.40 ± 0.89^d
	56 day	37.47 ± 1.12^a	34.00 ± 0.75^bc	33.13 ± 0.29^cd	33.07 ± 1.31^cd	32.50 ± 0.52^cd	33.00 ± 0.61^cd	32.23 ± 1.15^d

Values are Mean ± SD of 3 independent determinations; different letters in a row represent significant differences (p < 0.05)