Table 2.
Individual characteristics of participants across dilemma towards meat, fish and dairy products choice (N = 22,935, NutriNet-Santé study, 2013)
| All sample | Meat | Fish | Dairy product | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 22,935 | No dilemma | Dilemma | P1 | No dilemma | Dilemma | P1 | No dilemma | Dilemma | P1 | |
| N = 18,138 | N = 2767 | N = 17,715 | N = 2913 | N = 20,221 | N = 1001 | |||||
| Sex, % | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.75 | |||||||
| Women | 75.2 | 76.6 | 81.1 | 76.4 | 83.3 | 77.5 | 77.0 | |||
| Men | 24.8 | 23.4 | 18.9 | 23.6 | 16.7 | 22.5 | 23.0 | |||
| Age (years), % | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||
| 18–30 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 6.7 | 8.6 | 6.5 | 9.4 | 2.5 | |||
| 30–50 | 32.0 | 33.1 | 27.6 | 32.6 | 29.6 | 33.3 | 17.7 | |||
| 50–65 | 40.6 | 40.5 | 44.2 | 40.9 | 45.1 | 40.0 | 54.8 | |||
| > 65 | 18.4 | 17.4 | 21.6 | 18.0 | 18.8 | 17.3 | 25.1 | |||
| Educational level, % | 0.090 | 0.014 | <0.0001 | |||||||
| Primary | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 2.3 | 4.6 | |||
| Secondary | 31.5 | 31.2 | 32.8 | 31.3 | 32.5 | 30.4 | 46.8 | |||
| University (≤ 3 years) | 30.7 | 31.1 | 30.0 | 30.8 | 31.8 | 31.2 | 26.0 | |||
| University (> 3 years) | 35.4 | 35.3 | 34.5 | 35.6 | 32.8 | 36.2 | 22.6 | |||
| Income (€/UC)2, % | 0.27 | 0.0057 | <0.0001 | |||||||
| 200 | 11.1 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 10.4 | 11.4 | 10.8 | 13.6 | |||
| 1200–1800 | 22.8 | 22.7 | 23.3 | 22.6 | 24.1 | 22.8 | 24.1 | |||
| 1800–2700 | 28.7 | 28.7 | 29.8 | 28.8 | 29.8 | 28.8 | 32.1 | |||
| 700 | 33.2 | 33.6 | 32.3 | 34.1 | 30.7 | 33.6 | 25.0 | |||
| Missing data | 4.3 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 5.3 | |||
| Household composition, % | 0.0022 | 0.49 | <0.0001 | |||||||
| One adult | 18.0 | 17.6 | 19.7 | 17.9 | 18.1 | 18.2 | 20.7 | |||
| Two adults | 46.3 | 45.8 | 47.2 | 46.0 | 47.0 | 45.3 | 52.6 | |||
| Household with ≥1 child | 13.8 | 14.5 | 12.8 | 14.2 | 14.0 | 14.6 | 7.1 | |||
| Household with ≥1 teenager | 17.1 | 17.1 | 16.3 | 17.0 | 16.7 | 17.0 | 16.1 | |||
| Household with ≥1 child and 1 teenager | 4.8 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 4.9 | 4.2 | 4.9 | 3.6 | |||
| Smoking status, % | 0.0023 | 0.043 | 0.0011 | |||||||
| Never smoker | 49.9 | 49.6 | 52.6 | 49.9 | 51.3 | 50.4 | 49.4 | |||
| Former smoker | 39.9 | 39.8 | 38.6 | 39.8 | 39.9 | 39.2 | 43.3 | |||
| Current smoker | 10.2 | 10.6 | 8.8 | 10.3 | 8.8 | 10.5 | 7.3 | |||
| Physical activity, % | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||
| Low | 18.4 | 19.3 | 14.6 | 18.5 | 16.3 | 18.7 | 14.1 | |||
| Moderate | 37.8 | 37.9 | 39.4 | 38.1 | 38.3 | 38.5 | 32.8 | |||
| High | 32.6 | 31.7 | 35.4 | 32.1 | 35.8 | 31.7 | 42.5 | |||
| Missing data | 11.1 | 11.1 | 10.6 | 11.3 | 9.7 | 11.1 | 10.7 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2), % | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.032 | |||||||
| < 25 | 69.6 | 68.6 | 75.7 | 69.1 | 74.6 | 70.0 | 66.3 | |||
| 25–30 | 22.7 | 23.2 | 19.3 | 23.1 | 18.8 | 22.3 | 25.7 | |||
| > 30 | 7.70 | 8.20 | 5.1 | 7.90 | 6.60 | 7.7 | 7.8 | |||
| Dietary characteristics | ||||||||||
| mPNNS-GS3,4 | 7.7 ± 1.6 | 7.6 ± 1.6 | 8.0 ± 1.6 | <0.0001 | 7.7 ± 1.6 | 7.8 ± 1.6 | <0.0001 | 7.6 ± 1.6 | 8.1 ± 1.6 | <0.0001 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1893.8 ± 470.0 | 1894.1 ± 465.0 | 1850.8 ± 461.30 | <0.0001 | 1891.3 ± 465.1 | 1848.5 ± 457.4 | <0.0001 | 1891.1 ± 465.0 | 1827.5 ± 453.5 | 0.0002 |
| Meat | ||||||||||
| Intake (g/day) | 69.6 ± 51.7 | 72.6 ± 51.8 | 60.3 ± 46.5 | <0.0001 | 71.6 ± 51.8 | 60.5 ± 47.7 | <0.0001 | 69.9 ± 51.6 | 65.2 ± 47.6 | 0.002 |
| Adherence to dietary guidelines5 | 51.8 | 53.2 | 48.8 | <0.0001 | 53.4 | 48.7 | <0.0001 | 52.0 | 51.7 | 0.834 |
| Fish | ||||||||||
| Intake (g/day) | 42.3 ± 44.5 | 43.8 ± 45.1 | 41.6 ± 42.3 | 0.0221 | 42.7 ± 44.7 | 42.9 ± 42.9 | 0.8066 | 42.3 ± 44.5 | 42.0 ± 42.6 | 0.85 |
| Adherence to dietary guidelines6 | 56.0 | 55.4 | 65.5 | <0.0001 | 57.8 | 58.3 | 0.60 | 55.6 | 62.6 | <0.0001 |
| Dairy products | ||||||||||
| Intake (g/day) | 191.3 ± 151.1 | 193.7 ± 150.5 | 178.0 ± 146.3 | <0.0001 | 194.1 ± 151.1 | 175.4 ± 142.6 | <0.0001 | 193.8 ± 150.7 | 181.1 ± 144.8 | 0.02 |
| Adherence to dietary guidelines7 | 28.8 | 29.1 | 28.1 | 0.28 | 29.2 | 27.4 | 0.039 | 29.1 | 31.5 | 0.10 |
1P–values are based on chi-square tests
2CU: Consumption Units. One CU is attributed for the first adult in the household, 0.5 for other 569 persons aged 14 or older and 0.3 for children under 14
3Analyses are performed on a subsample of individuals (N = 17,685) for whom mPNNS-GS score could be assessed
4mPNNS-GS has a range of 0–13.5 points, with a higher score indicating a better overall diet quality
5Since there are no dietary guidelines available for meat, guidelines for meat/fish/eggs are considered in these analyses. Adherence to dietary guidelines for meat/fish/eggs corresponds to an intake of 1–2 servings/day
6Adherence to dietary guidelines for fish corresponds to an intake of fish ≥2 servings/week
7Adherence to dietary guidelines for dairy products corresponds to an intake between 2.5–3.5 servings/day (individuals <55 years) and between 2.5–4.5 servings/day (individuals ≥55 years)