(a – c) MM.1S, RPMI 8226, and H929 cells were transduced with HDAC1-specific shRNA, HDAC2-specific shRNA, shHDAC3 (#1, #2), or shLuc. (a) Heatmap of the expression of genes participating in DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and histone methylation in MM.1S cells transduced with either shHDAC3 (#1, #2) or shLuc (control). Genes were differentially expressed relative to control (adjusted P-value <0.001). (d, e) MM.1S, RPMI 8226, and H929 cells were treated with or without BG45 for the indicated time periods and concentrations. (f) MM.1S cells were treated with Merck60, MS-275, or LBH-589 for the indicated time periods and concentrations. (b – f) Whole cell lysates extracted from the transduced or treated cells were subjected to immunoblot analysis. α-tubulin (b, d, e), GAPDH (c, f) served as a loading control. Data are representative of at least two independent experiments. NS, not significant, *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 compared with control; Student’s t-test.