. 2017 Aug 18;26(12):3429–3437. doi: 10.1007/s11136-017-1679-1

Table 2.

Associations of socioeconomic indicators with OHRQOL at children’s age of 10

	Crude model	Model 1	Model 2
	β [95% CI]	β [95% CI]	β [95% CI]
Maternal education level^{a, c}
Low	−0.34 [−0.56 to −0.11]	−0.22 [−0.44 to −0.01]	0.03 [−0.21 to 0.27]
Paternal education level^{a, c}
Low	−0.45 [−0.68 to −0.22]	-0.35 [−0.55 to −0.14]	−0.20 [−0.44 to 0.03]
Maternal employment status^c
No paid job	−0.24 [−0.54 to 0.06]	0.11 [−0.38 to 0.17]	0.11 [−0.18 to 0.40]
Paternal employment status^c
No paid job	−0.81 [−1.39 to −0.22]	−0.64 [−1.18 to −0.11]	−0.29 [-0.84 to 0.26]
Household income^d
<2000€	−0.67 [−0.99 to −0.36]	−0.59 [−0.88 to −0.31]	−0.21 [−0.57 to 0.16]
Receiving benefits^{b, d}
Yes	−0.68 [−1.07 to −0.30]	−0.64 [−0.99 to −0.28]	−0.33 [−0.70 to 0.04]
Family composition^d
Single parent	−0.54 [−0.87 to −0.22]	−0.50 [−0.80 to −0.20]	−0.09 [−0.42 to 0.24]

The data are presented as linear regression coefficients (β) with 95%-confidence intervals (95% CI). The crude model is adjusted for gender, age, and ethnicity only. Model 1 is additionally adjusted for confounders: caries experiences, orthodontic treatment need, aesthetic treatment need, and self-perceived orthodontic treatment need. Model 2 is additionally adjusted for confounders and the other socioeconomic factors

Significant associations are printed bold

^a Educational level: low = no education, primary school, vocational training, general secondary school, and first-year higher vocational training; high = higher vocational training, university, or PhD degree

^b Benefits: social security, unemployment benefits, disability allowances, and other

^c Assessed at children’s age of 6

^d Assessed at children’s age of 10