Table 3.

Parameter Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Conditional Effects

	b (SE)	β	95% CI a
Direct Effects
ACE–T1→ Poor Sleep Quality–T1	.817 (.265)	.148	[.298, 1.336]**
ACE–T1→ Sleep Inadequacy–T1	.005 (.002)	.120	[.001, .009]*
ACE–T1→ Difficulty Falling Asleep–T1	1.281 (.395)	.182	[.506, 2.055]**
Poor Sleep Quality–T1 → DRD–T2	−.005 (.004)	−.112	[−.012, .002]
Sleep Inadequacy–T1 → DRD–T2	1.335 (.509)	.224	[.337, 2.333]**
Difficulty Falling Asleep–T1 → DRD–T2	−.004 (.003)	−.121	[−.011, .003]
DRD–T2 → Smoking–T3	.153 (.056)	.137	[.043, .263]**
Indirect Effects
ACE–T1 → Poor Sleep Quality –T1 → DRD–T2	−.004 (.004)	−.017	[−.012, .002]
ACE–T1 → Sleep Inadequacy –T1 → DRD–T2	.007 (.004)	.027	[.001, .015]*
ACE–T1 → Difficulty Falling Asleep–T1 → DRD–T2	−.005 (.004)	−.022	[−.015, .002]
Sleep Quality–T1 → DRD–T2 → Smoking–T3	−.001 (.001)	−.015	[−.002, .000]
Sleep Inadequacy–T1→ DRD–T2 → Smoking–T3	.204 (.112)	.031	[.027, .458]*
Difficulty Falling Asleep–T1 → DRD–T2 → Smoking–T3	−.001 (.001)	−.017	[−.002, .000]
Covariates
DRD–T1 → DRD–T2	.190 (.049)	.195	[.094, .286]***
ACE–T1 → DRD–T2	.020 (.012)	.083	[−.004, .044]
Smoking–T1 → DRD–T2	−.007 (.043)	−.007	[−.091, .078]
Smoking-T2 → Smoking–T3	.645 (.042)	.639	[.563, .727]***
Poor Sleep Quality–T1 → Smoking–T3	−.002 (.003)	−.043	[−.009, .004]
Sleep Inadequacy–T1 → Smoking–T3	−.604 (.401)	−.091	[−1.390, .182]
Difficulty Falling Asleep–T1 → Smoking–T3	.003 (.003)	.068	[−.003, .008]

Note:

^aCI = Confidence Interval of unstandardized coefficients (b). SE = Standard Error. ACE = Adverse Childhood Experiences. DRD = Delayed Reward Discounting. T1 = Time 1. T2 = Time 2. T3 = Time 3. Model fit is very good: χ² (88) = 144.737, p < .001; CFI = .938; TLI = .919; RMSEA = .036, SRMR = .048.

^*p < .05,

^**p < .01,

^***p < .001.