Table 2.
Herbs and gut microbiota.
| Herbs | Ingredients | Objects | Diseases | Physiological function related to gut microbiota | Gut microbiota | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch (Shu Dihuang) | N/A | Twenty 40–65 years old female middle-aged subjects with obesity | Obesity | Decrease waist circumference. |
Increased: Actinobacteria, Bifidobacterium, Decreased: Firmicutes, Blautia. |
Han et al., 2015 |
| Ganoderma lucidum (Ling Zhi) | Polysaccharides | C57BL/6NCrlBltw mice | Obesity | ➀Reverse HFD-induced gut dysbiosis, ➁Anti-obesity. |
Decreased: Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, Proteobacteria. |
Chang C. J. et al., 2015 |
| Flos Lonicera (JinYinghua) | Flavonoids, Organic acids, Saponins, Iridoid glycosides |
SD rats | Obesity and metabolic endotoxemia | ➀Decrease body weights, ➁Lower endotoxin, aspartate transaminase, HDL, triglyceride levels, ➂Reduce lipid accumulation and alleviate urinary lactulose/mannitol ratio. |
Increased: Akkermansia spp., Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio. |
Wang et al., 2014 |
| Rhizoma Coptidis (Huang Lian) | Berberine | C57BL/6J mice | Obesity | Lower degradation of dietary polysaccharides, decrease potential calorie intake, increase Fiaf protein and its related gene expressions of mitochondrial energy metabolism. |
Increased: Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, Decreased: Lactobacillus. |
Xie et al., 2011 |
| Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) | 20% lingonberries | C57BL/6J mice | Obesity | ➀Reduce endotoxemia and inflammation, ➁Anti-obesity. |
Increased: Akkermansia/Faecalibacterium ratio. |
Heyman-Linden et al., 2016 |
| Herba Epimdii (Yin Yanghuo) | Icariin, Epimedin A, B, C | SD rats | Osteoporosis | Enhance epimedium flavonoids absorption and antiosteoporosis activity. | N/A | Zhou et al., 2015 |
| Garcinia cambogia (Teng Huangguo) | Extract | C57BL/6J mice | Obesity | Alleviate weight gain and adiposity |
Decreased: Clostridium aminophilum. |
Heo et al., 2016 |
| Cassia obtusifolia L. (Jue Mingzi) | Anthraquinone | SD rats | NAFLD | ➀Evaluate Lipid metabolism and gut microbiota diversity, ➁Up-regulate FXR, CYP7A1, LDL-R mRNA and PPAR-α protein levels, down-regulate HMGCR, PPAR-γ and SREBP-1c expression. |
Increased: Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Decreased: Oscillospira. |
Mei et al., 2015 |
|
Radix ginseng rubra (Hong Shen) and Semen Coicis (Yi Yiren) |
N/A | Wistar rat | Ulcerative colitis (UC) | Improve gut microbiota structure and relieve the ulcerative Colitis symptom. |
Increased: Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus. |
Guo et al., 2015 |
| Polygonatum kingianum (Dian Huangjing) | Polysaccharides, Saponins | SD rats | T2D | ➀Reduce SCFAs production, ➁Decrease LPS level, ➂Partial recover insulin secretion and fasting blood glucose levels |
Increased: Family Ruminococcaceae, Genus Ruminococcus. |
Yan et al., 2017 |
| Adlay | Polyphenol extract | Wistar rats | High cholesterol-related disease | Ameliorate and LDL cholesterol restore HDL cholesterol. |
Decreased: Erysipelotrichales, Clostridia. |
Wang Q. et al., 2015 |