Table 4.
Functional food and gut microbiota.
| Functional Food | Ingredients | Objects | Diseases | Physiological function related to gut microbiota | Gut microbiota | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vegetable/fruit juice | Polyphenols, Oligosaccharides, Fber, Nitrate |
Twenty adults | Obesity | ➀Alter the intestinal microbiota associated with weight loss, ➁Increase in vasodilator NO, ➂Decrease in lipid oxidation. |
Increased: Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Decreased: Firmicutes, Proteobacteria. |
Henning et al., 2017 |
| Barley | β-Glucan | 30 volunteers | CVD | N/A |
Increased: Bacteroidetes, Prevotella, Decreased: Firmicutes, Dorea. |
Wang Y. et al., 2016 |
| Apple | (1) procyanidin | (1) C57BL/6J mice | (1) Obesity | (1) ➀Attenuate inflammatory effects and weight gain including gut permeability and lipopolysaccharide, ➁Decrease endogenous metabolites levels related with insulin resistance. |
(1) Increased: Akkermansia, Decreased: Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. |
Cuervo et al., 2015; Jiang et al., 2016; Masumoto et al., 2016; Wang S. et al., 2017 |
| (2) pectin | (2) SD rat | (2) Obesity | (2) ➀Attenuate weight gain and serum total cholesterol Level, ➁Improve intestinal alkalinephosphatase, claudin 1 expression, decrease TLR4 expression in ileal tissue, decrease inflammation (TNF-α) and metabolic endotoxemia. |
(2) Increased: Bacteroidetes, Decreased: Firmicutes. |
||
| (3) Polyphenols | (3) 20 Systemic lupus erythematosus patients | (3) Systemic lupus erythematosus | (3) N/A | (3) Increased: Bifidobacterium. |
||
| (4) Polysaccharide | (4) SD rat | (4) Microbial dysbiosis and chronic inflammation | (4) ➀Increase total SCFAs level, ➁Alleviate gut permeability and chronic inflammation (decrease LBP, up-regulation of occludin, down-regulation TNF, MCP-1, CXCL-1, IL-1β). |
(4) Increased: Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillus, Decreased: Firmicutes, Fusobacteium. |
||
| Oranges | Polyphenols | 20 Systemic lupuserythematosus patients | Systemic lupus erythematosus | N/A |
Increased: Lactobacillus, |
Cuervo et al., 2015 |
| Grape | (1) Pomace, Polyphenols | (1) Lamb | (1) N/A | (1) Decrease oxidative stress-induced damage to lipids and proteins such as TBARS and CARB. | (1) Decreased: Enterobacteriacae, Escherichia coli. |
Baldwin et al., 2016; Kafantaris et al., 2016 |
| (2) N/A | (2) C57BL/6J mice | (2) Obesity | (2) ➀Decrease triglyceride and liver weight levels and reduce GPAT1 expression, ➁Reduce hepatic mRNA PPAR-γ2, SCD1, FABP4 and GPAT1 levels |
(2) Increased: Akkermansia muciniphila, Allobaculum, Decreased: Desulfobacter spp. |
||
| Grape seed | Proanthocyanidin | C57BL/6 mice | Obesity | ➀Decrease plasma inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 levels, ➁Ameliorate macrophage infiltration, ➂Reduced epidydimal fat mass and improve insulin sensitivity. |
Increased: Clostridium XIVa, Roseburia, Prevotella. |
Liu et al., 2017 |
| Agave salmiana | Saponin | C57BL/6 mice | Obesity and hepatic steatosis | ➀Reduce fat mass and weight gain, Lower insulin, glucose, and LDL levels, ➁Lower hepatic lipid levels and HOMA index, increase fatty acid oxidation related genes expression, ➂Increase fatty acid oxidation, AMPK phosphorylation, white adipose tissue browning, mitochondrial activity and energy expenditure. |
Increased: Akkermansia muciniphila. |
Leal-Diaz et al., 2016 |
| Cranberry | Cranberry extract | C57BL/6J mice | Obesity | ➀Decrease liver weight and triglyceride accumulation involved in inflammation and blunted hepatic oxidative stress, ➁Improve insulin tolerance, decrease glucose-induced hyperinsulinaemia, ➂Lower intestinal triglyceride content and alleviate intestinal oxidative stress and inflammation. |
Increased: Akkermansia. |
Anhe et al., 2015 |
| Bamboo shoot | Fiber | C57BL/6J mice | Obesity | Lose weight. |
Increased: Bacteroidetes, Decreased: Verrucomicrobia. |
Li et al., 2016 |
| Nopal | Fiber, Polyphenols, Vitamin C |
Wistar rat | Obesity | ➀Modify gut microbiota and increase intestinal occludin-1, ➁Decrease in LPS, glucose insulinotropic peptide, glucose intolerance, lipogenesis, and metabolic inflexibility, ➂Reduce hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress in adipose tissue and brain, ➃Improve cognitive function. |
Increased: Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, Anaeroplasma, Prevotella, Ruminucoccus, Bacteroides fragilis, Decreased: Faecalibacterium, Clostridium, Butyricicoccus. |
Sanchez-Tapia et al., 2017 |
| Wheat | (1) Enzyme-treated wheat bran, | (1) C57BL/6J mice | (1) Obesity | (1) ➀Decrease body weight and liver TGs, increase index of liver reactive oxygen species, ➁Decrease liver antioxidants (glutathione and α-tocopherol) and liver carbohydrate metabolites (glucose); lower hepatic arachidonic acid; and increase liver and plasma β-hydroxybutyrate. |
(1) Increased: Bacteroidetes, Decreased: Firmicutes. |
Neyrinck et al., 2011; Kieffer et al., 2016 |
| (2) Arabinoxylan | (2) C57BL/6J mice | (2) Obesity | (2) ➀Regulate host metabolic parameters: reduce body weight gain, fat mass development, inflammation (serum IL-6, MCP-1), cholesterolemia and insulin resistance, and increase gut junction proteins. ➁Regulate host adipose tissue: reduce lipogenesis (Fatty acid synthase), fatty acid oxidation (carnitinepalmitoyl transferase-1), fatty acid uptake (lipoprotein lipase) and GPR-43 expression, and increase adipocyte area and rumenic acid. |
(2) Increased: Bacteroides/Prevotella ratio, Bifidobacteria, Roseburia spp. |
||
| Oat | N/A | SD rat | Obesity | ➀Decrease body weight, epididymal fat accumulation, and serum inflammatory factor (TNF-α) levels and significantly regulate serum lipid levels, ➁Increase the total SCFA concentration in colonic digesta. |
Increased: Bacteroidetes, Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes Ratio, Decreased: Firmicutes. |
Dong et al., 2016 |
| Tea Polyphenols | Polyphenols | C57BL/6 ApoE–/– mice | AS | ➀Decrease the total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteincholesterol, ➁Decrease the plaque area/lumen area ratios. |
Increased: Bifidobacteria. |
Liao et al., 2016 |
| Green tea and isomalto-oligosaccharides | N/A | HFD-induced male Swiss albino mice | Obesity | Prevent leaky gut phenotype and LPS, pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. resistin, adiponectin, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) increase |
Increased: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, Akkermansia, Roseburia spp., Prevotella/Bacteroides, Decreased: Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes ratio. |
Singh et al., 2017 |
| Yellow pea | Fiber | SD rat | Obesity | Lower final percent body fat. |
Decreased: Firmicutes. |
Eslinger et al., 2014 |
| Green tea, oolong tea, black tea | 8 phenolic acids, 12 flavanols, 9 flavonols, 2 alkaloids, 1 amino acids | C57BL/6J mice | Obesity | Trend to lose weight. |
Increased: Alistipes, Rikenella, Lachnospiraceae, Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Allobaculum, Parabacteroides. |
Liu et al., 2016 |
| Fuzhuan tea | N/A | Wistar rats | NAFLD | Reduce plasma leptin and prevent high saturated fat diet-induced inflammation. |
Increased: Lactobacillus spp. |
Foster et al., 2016 |