Table 1. Correlation of CFD simulations with coronary CT angiography and invasive angiography findings.
| No. of cases | Bifurcation angle (º) | Type of calcification (E/F) | Degree of lumen stenosis on CCTA | Degree of lumen stenosis on ICA | CFD analysis | Risk assessment | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CCTA | ICA | LAD | LCx | LAD | LCx | WSS | Wall pressure | Flow velocity | Angulation/lumen | |||||
| 1 | 99 | 99.5 | F | 74% | 33% | 89% | 25% | High at LAD stenotic site | Decreased at LAD stenotic site | Increased at LAD stenotic site | ▲ | |||
| 2 | 78 | 70 | F | 62% | – | 44% | – | No significant change | Slightly decreased at LAD | Slightly turbulent at LAD | √ | |||
| 3 | 53 | 55.7 | F | 80% | 65% | 42% | 48% | No significant change | No significant change | Laminar flow | √ | |||
| 4 | 105 | 105 | F | 72% | 87% | 44% | 77% | Increased at LAD and LCx | Decreased at LCx stenotic site | High at LCx stenotic site | ▼ | |||
| 5 | 68.5 | 75 | E | 72% | – | 25% | – | No significant change | No significant change | Laminar flow | √ | |||
| 6 | 91.8 | 90 | F | 69% | – | 29% | – | No significant change | No significant change | Laminar flow | √ | |||
| 7 | 108 | 115 | E | 60% | 26% | 15% | 2% | Increased at LAD | No significant change | High at LAD | ▼ | |||
| 8 | 76.2 | 77 | F | 88% | 68% | 28% | 45% | Slightly increased at LM | No significant change | Slight increased at LM and LAD | ▼ | |||
| 9 | 91.5 | 85 | F | 61% | 49% | 61% | 5% | High at LAD stenotic site | No significant change | Slight increased at LAD | ▲ | |||
| 10 | 74 | 78 | F | 57% | 71% | 39% | 48% | No significant change | No significant change | Laminar flow | √ | |||
| 11 | 71.3 | 70.7 | E | 51% | – | 19% | – | High at LM | No significant change | Slightly increased at LM | ▼ | |||
| 12 | 75.7 | 73.5 | F | – | 74% | – | 36% | High at LCx | No significant change | Increased at LCx | √ | |||
| 13 | 109 | 112 | E | 75% | – | 70% | – | Decrease at LAD stenotic site | No significant change | Decreased at LAD stenotic site | ▲ | |||
| 14 | 84.9 | 85 | F | 68% | – | – | 18% | High at LAD stenotic site | No significant change | Increased at LAD stenotic site | ▲ | |||
| 15 | 80.3 | 80 | F | 44% | 66% | 24% | 79% | High at LAD stenotic site | No significant change | Decreased at LAD and LCx | ▲ | |||
| 16 | 84 | 80.6 | F | 56% | – | 81% | – | High at LM and LAD stenotic site | Decreased at LAD stenotic site | Increased at LM and LAD stenotic site | ▲ | |||
| 17 | 61 | 75.5 | F | 44% | 47% | 20% | 15% | High at LM and LAD stenotic site | Decreased at LAD stenotic site | Increased at LM and LAD stenotic site | ▼ | |||
| 18 | 77 | 78 | F | 83% | – | 32% | – | Decreased at LAD stenotic site | No significant change | Decreased at LAD and Increased at LCx | √ | |||
| 19 | 82 | 81 | E | 80% | 26% | 64% | 18% | Increased at LAD stenotic site | Decreased at LAD stenotic site | Laminar flow | √ | |||
| 20 | 81 | 81 | E | 81% | 63% | 76% | 51% | Decreased at LAD | No significant change | Slightly turbulent at LAD | √ | |||
| 21 | 82 | 86.5 | E | 59% | 60% | 75% | 45% | Decreased at LCx | No significant change | Decreased at LCx | √ | |||
| 22 | 89 | 86.3 | F | 70% | 58% | 91% | 87% | High at LM and LAD stenotic site | No significant change | Increased at LM and LAD stenotic site | √ | |||
| 23 | 98 | 91 | E | 70% | 47% | 72% | 13% | No significant change | No significant change | High at LM | √ | |||
| 24 | 89 | 85 | E | 79% | 72% | 66% | 44% | High at LAD stenotic site | Decreased at LAD stenotic site | Increased at LAD stenotic site | ▼ | |||
| 25 | 100 | 99.5 | F | 73% | – | 63% | – | High at LAD stenotic site | Decreased at LAD stenotic site | Increased at LAD stenotic site | ▲ | |||
| 26 | 86.3 | 83 | F | 67% | – | 61% | – | Increased at LAD | Decreased at LAD stenotic site | High at LAD | ▲ | |||
| 27 | 96 | 91 | E | 82% | – | 58% | – | High at LAD stenotic site | Decreased at LAD stenotic site | Increased at LAD stenotic site | ▲ | |||
| 28 | 88.3 | 91 | E | 69% | 76% | 58% | 59% | High at LCx stenotic site | Decreased at LAD and LCx stenotic sites | Increased at LAD and LCx stenotic sites | ▼ | |||
| 29 | 65.8 | 59 | F | 65% | 63% | 20% | 42% | Increased at LAD | Slightly decreased at LAD | High at LAD | √ | |||
| 30 | 71 | 75 | F | 47% | 57% | 45% | 32% | High at LAD stenotic site | No significant change | Increased at LAD stenotic site | √ | |||
▲, high risk of coronary stenosis and angulation; ▼, low risk of coronary stenosis and angulation; √, normal coronary lumen with no risk of developing significant stenosis. CCTA, coronary CT angiography; ICA, invasive coronary angiography; LM, left main stem; LAD, left anterior descending; LCx, left circumflex; WSS, wall shear stress; F, focally calcified coronary plaques; E, extensively calcified plaques.