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. 2017 Oct 12;8(10):e3105. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2017.505

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Copyright © 2017 The Author(s)

Cell Death and Disease is an open-access journal published by Nature Publishing Group. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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There are low levels of RANKL/RANK at the maternal–fetal interface during miscarriage. (a) Immunohistochemistry analysis of RANKL expression in villi and deciduas from women with normal pregnancy (n=12) or miscarriage (n=12) during the first trimester. RANKL expression was localized to the cell membrane and the cytoplasm (arrows) in the deciduas and villi. Original magnification: × 200. (b and c) FCM analysis of the percentage of RANK⁺ dMφ from women with normal pregnancy (n=11) or miscarriage (n=11) during the first-trimester. (d and e) FCM analysis of the percentage of CD163⁺, CD206⁺, CD80⁺ and CD86⁺dMφ from women with normal pregnancy (n=11) or miscarriage (n=11) during the first trimester. Normal: normal pregnant women; Miscarriage: SA women. Data are expressed as the mean±S.E.M. **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 (Student’s t-test)