Table 2.

Studies of physical activity and diverticular disease

References, publication year, country	Study name	Study period	Number of participants, gender, age, number of cases	Study quality	Physical activity exposure	Quantity	Relative risk (95% confidence interval)	Adjustment for confounders
Aldoori WH et al. [22], 1995, USA	Health Professionals Follow-up Study	1988–1992, 4 years of follow-up	47,678 men, age 42–77 years: 382 diverticular disease cases	7	Total leisure-time physical activity	0.9 MET-h/week	1.00	Age, dietary fiber, total fat
						4.8	0.91 (0.68–1.21)
						11.3	0.71 (0.52–0.97)
						22.6	0.74 (0.54–1.01)
						46.8	0.63 (0.45–0.88)
					Nonvigorous activity	0.1 MET-h/week	1.00
						1.4	1.15 (0.84–1.58)
						3.4	0.79 (0.56–1.12)
						7.6	1.09 (0.79–1.49)
						20.8	0.93 (0.67–1.69)
					Vigorous activity	0 MET-h/week	1.00
						3.5	0.78 (0.60–1.02)
						15.0	0.88 (0.67–1.15)
						41.0	0.60 (0.41–0.87)
Rosemar A et al. [16], 2008, Sweden	The Multifactor Primary Prevention Trial	1970–1973–1998, 28 years of follow-up	7494 men, age 47–55 years: 112 diverticular disease hospitalizations	8	Leisure-time physical activity	Sedentary	1.0	Age, smoking, diastolic blood pressure
						Moderate	0.9 (0.6–1.4)
						Active	1.2 (0.7–2.0)
Williams PT et al. [24], 2009, USA	National Runners’ Health Study	1991–1994–1999–2002, 7.7 years of follow-up	9072 men and 1664 women, age ≥ 50 years: 127/21 diverticular disease cases	5	Running distance	Per 1 km/day	0.938, p = 0.04	Age, sex, pack-years of cigarette smoking, meat, fish, fruit, alcohol
						≥8 vs. <2 km/day	0.52, p = 0.05
						Per 1 km/day	0.945, p = 0.08	+ BMI
Strate LL et al. [12], 2009, USA	Health Professionals Follow-up Study	1986–2004, 18 years of follow-up	47,228 men, age 40–75 years: 800 diverticulitis cases 383 diverticular bleeding cases	7	Total leisure-time physical activity, diverticulitis	≤8.2 METs/week	1.00	Age, study period, sedentary behavior, BMI, NSAID use, acetaminophen, dietary fat, fiber, red meat, combined nut/corn/popcorn consumption, total energy
						8.3–19.0	1.08 (0.87–1.34)
						19.1–33.5	0.97 (0.77–1.21)
						33.6–57.3	0.98 (0.78–1.23)
						≥57.4	0.75 (0.58–0.95)
					Vigorous physical activity	0 METs/week	1.00
						0.1–4.0	0.91 (0.74–1.12)
						4.1–10.0	0.99 (0.81–1.22)
						10.1–28.0	0.89 (0.72–1.10)
						≥28.0	0.66 (0.51–0.86)
					Nonvigorous physical activity	0–2.9 METs/week	1.00
						3.0–7.9	0.94 (0.75–1.18)
						8.0–15.9	0.91 (0.73–1.15)
						16.0–29.9	0.90 (0.71–1.13)
						≥30.0	0.96 (0.76–1.21)
					Total leisure-time physical activity, diverticular bleeding	≤8.2 METs/week	1.00
						8.3–19.0	0.91 (0.68–1.22)
						19.1–33.5	0.71 (0.52–0.98)
						33.6–57.3	0.66 (0.48–0.92)
						≥57.4	0.54 (0.38–0.77)
					Vigorous physical activity	0 METs/week	1.00
						0.1–4.0	1.04 (0.79–1.37)
						4.1–10.0	0.70 (0.51–0.97)
						10.1–28.0	0.81 (0.59–1.10)
						≥28.0	0.61 (0.41–0.90)
					Nonvigorous physical activity	0–2.9 METs/week	1.00
						3.0–7.9	0.90 (0.65–1.25)
						8.0–15.9	0.89 (0.64–1.23)
						16.0–29.9	0.96 (0.70–1.33)
						≥30.0	0.77 (0.55–1.07)
Crowe FL et al. [11], 2011, United Kingdom	EPIC-Oxford Study	1993–1999–2009, 11.6 years of follow-up	47,033 men and women, age ≥ 20 years: 812 diverticular disease cases	7	Physical activity	Inactive	1.00	Age, sex, method of recruitment, region of residence, smoking
						Active	0.87 (0.74–1.02)
Hjern F et al. [18], 2012, Sweden	Swedish Mammography Cohort	1997–2009, 12 years of follow-up	36,592 women, mean age 61.8 years: 626 diverticular disease cases	9	Physical activity, hospital requiring diverticular disease Physical activity, diverticular disease with abscess/perforation	≤ 30 min/d	1.42 (1.18–1.69)	Age, dietary fiber, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, acetylsalicylic acid, NSAID use, steroid medication, alcohol, smoking status, BMI, education
						> 30 min/d	1.00
						≤ 30 min/d	0.77 (0.47–1.27)
						> 30 min/d	1.00
Jamal Talabani A et al. [21], 2016, Norway	The North-Trondelag Health Study	1995–1997–1998–2012, ~14 years of follow-up	42,570 men and women, age ≥ 20 years: 358 acute diverticulitis cases	7	Hard physical activity, women Hard physical activity, men	<1 h/week	1.00	Age, BMI, smoking status, problems with breathlessness, problems with constipation, type of bread, education, living area
						≥1	0.67 (0.39–1.15)
						<1 h/week	1.00
						≥1	1.03 (0.67–1.57)

NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs