Table 1.

Univariate analysis results of characteristics significantly associated with bovine seropositivity

			Serology of dairy cows, n (%)
No.	Variable	Occurrence	PRNT positive	PRNT negative	95% CI	p
1	Presence of bats	Yes	59 (72%)	23 (28%)	0.27 (0.06–1.31)	0.1044
		No	19 (90%)	2 (9.5%)
2	Presence of capybaras	Yes	46 (81%)	11 (19%)	1.83 (0.56–5.98)	0.3176
		No	32 (70%)	14 (30%)
3	Presence of deera	Yes	20 (61%)	13 (39%)	0.32 (0.09–1.17)	0.0855
		No	58 (83%)	12 (17%)
4	Presence of hares	Yes	57 (74%)	20 (26%)	0.68 (0.24–1.90)	0.4598
		No	21 (81%)	5 (19%)
5	Presence of possums	Yes	59 (73%)	22 (27%)	0.42 (0.09–2.10)	0.2934
		No	19 (86%)	3 (14%)
6	Presence of small nonhuman primates	Yes	45 (73%)	17 (27%)	0.64 (0.16–2.50)	0.5227
		No	33 (80%)	8 (20%)
7	Presence of wild canids	Yes	64 (74%)	23 (26%)	0.40 (0.12–1.30)	0.1282
		No	14 (88%)	2 (13%)
8	Presence of wild felids	Yes	43 (75%)	14 (25%)	0.97 (0.30–3.15)	0.9533
		No	35 (76%)	11 (24%)
9	Presence of domestic equidsb	Yes	69 (78%)	19 (22%)	2.42 (1.20–4.87)	0.0131
		No	9 (60%)	6 (40%)
10	Presence of domestic small ruminants	Yes	4 (50%)	4 (50%)	0.28 (0.06–1.32)	0.1085
		No	74 (78%)	21 (22%)
11	Presence of poultry	Yes	60 (77%)	18 (23%)	1.30 (0.26–6.58)	0.7542
		No	18 (72%)	7 (28%)
12	Presence of swine	Yes	28 (74%)	10 (26%)	0.84 (0.25–2.81)	0.7775
		No	50 (77%)	15 (23%)
13	Presence of domestic felidsb	Yes	40 (63%)	24 (38%)	0.04 (0.01–0.37)	0.0039
		No	38 (97%)	1 (2.6%)
14	Presence of small rodents at domestic areasb	Yes	75 (78%)	21 (22%)	4.76 (2.34–9.70)	< .0001
		No	3 (43%)	4 (57%)
15	Presence of small rodents at pastures and/or cropsb	Yes	21 (95%)	1 (4.5%)	8.84 (1.13–69.39)	0.0381
		No	57 (70%)	24 (30%)
16	Presence of small-rodent poison control	Yes	52 (73%)	19 (27%)	0.63 (0.23–1.75)	0.3777
		No	26 (81%)	6 (19%)
17	Existence of dams (min. 1)b	Yes	61 (85%)	11 (15%)	4.57 (1.35–15.49)	0.0148
		No	17 (55%)	14 (45%)
18	Existence of rivers (min. 1)	Yes	20 (67%)	10 (33%)	0.52 (0.13–2.00)	0.3401
		No	58 (79%)	15 (21%)
19	Existence of springs (min. 1)b	Yes	64 (80%)	16 (20%)	2.57 (1.01–6.55)	0.0476
		No	14 (61%)	9 (39%)
20	Existence of streams (min. 1)	Yes	55 (80%)	14 (20%)	1.88 (0.61–5.81)	0.2733
		No	23 (68%)	11 (32%)
21	Type of corral floor	Dirt	7 (64%)	4 (36%)	0.52 (0.09–2.86)	0.4497
		Concrete	71 (77%)	21 (23%)
22	Corral cleaning	Weekly	8 (57%)	6 (43%)	0.36 (0.10–1.29)	0.1161
		Daily	70 (79%)	19 (21%)
23	Sanitizer use for corral cleaning	Yes	12 (63%)	7 (37%)	0.47 (0.06–3.80)	0.4769
		No	66 (79%)	18 (21%)
24	Cattle type	Milk and meat	20 (69%)	9 (31%)	0.61 (0.18–2.07)	0.4315
		Milk	58 (78%)	16 (22%)
25	Milking typeb	Mechanical	67 (82%)	15 (18%)	4.06 (1.14–14.50)	0.0309
		Manual	11 (52%)	10 (48%)
26	Milking device semestral maintenance	Yes	55 (80%)	14 (20%)	0.33 (0.03–3.30)	0.3434
		No	12 (92%)	1 (7.7%)
27	Hand sanitizers for milking	Yes	46 (81%)	11 (19%)	1.83 (0.53–6.37)	0.3423
		No	32 (70%)	14 (30%)
28	Milking line based on pathologies	Yes	68 (76%)	22 (24%)	0.93 (0.12–7.16)	0.9423
		No	10 (77%)	3 (23%)
29	Udder sanitizerb	Yes	66 (83%)	14 (18%)	4.32 (1.27–14.66)	0.0189
		No	12 (52%)	11 (48%)
30	Artificial oxytocin	Yes	51 (84%)	10 (16%)	2.83 (0.81–9.92)	0.1034
		No	27 (64%)	15 (36%)
31	Artificial inseminationb	Yes	48 (87%)	7 (13%)	4.11 (1.40–12.07)	0.0100
		No	30 (63%)	18 (38%)
32	>10 L of milk per cow per day	Yes	48 (80%)	12 (20%)	1.73 (0.49–6.07)	0.3898
		No	30 (70%)	13 (30%)
33	Lesion on calf muzzle	Yes	7 (70%)	3 (30%)	1.33 (0.11–15.97)	0.8203
		No	7 (64%)	4 (36%)
34	Respondent knows about BV	Yes	63 (78%)	18 (22%)	1.63 (0.54–4.95)	0.3857
		No	15 (68%)	7 (32%)
35	Lab-confirmed BV historyb	Yes	8 (100%)	0 (0.0%)	0.13 (0.04–0.39)	0.0003
		No	70 (74%)	25 (26%)
36	Cattle fed after milking	Yes	26 (84%)	5 (16%)	1.16 (0.26–5.22)	0.8459
		Dry season	20 (74%)	7 (26%)
		No	32 (71%)	13 (29%)
37	Cattle manure use for pastures	Yes	44 (79%)	12 (21%)	1.40 (0.43–4.59)	0.5765
		No	34 (72%)	13 (28%)
38	Cattle manure use for grass	Yes	67 (75%)	22 (25%)	0.83 (0.09–7.71)	0.8703
		No	11 (79%)	3 (21%)
39	Cattle manure use for planting cornb	Yes	7 (39%)	11 (61%)	0.13 (0.04–0.39)	0.0003
		No	71 (84%)	14 (16%)
40	Cattle fed with grass	Yes	44 (71%)	18 (29%)	0.50 (0.14–1.85)	0.3015
		No	34 (83%)	7 (17%)
41	Cattle fed with sugarcanea	Yes	43 (68%)	20 (32%)	0.31 (0.09–1.11)	0.0708
		No	35 (88%)	5 (13%)
42	Cattle fed with silage	Yes	48 (80%)	12 (20%)	1.73 (0.55–5.48)	0.3491
		No	30 (70%)	13 (30%)
43	Grain used for silage	Yes	32 (82%)	7 (18%)	1.43 (0.36–5.67)	0.6121
		No	16 (76%)	5 (24%)
44	Grass used for silage	Yes	45 (80%)	11 (20%)	1.36 (0.56–3.31)	0.4930
		No	3 (75%)	1 (25%)
45	Cattle fed with ration	Yes	72 (77%)	22 (23%)	1.64 (0.29–9.20)	0.5762
		No	6 (67%)	3 (33%)
46	Adult cattle fed with its own milk or whey	Yes	29 (78%)	8 (22%)	1.26 (0.35–4.54)	0.7263
		No	49 (74%)	17 (26%)

CI, confidence interval; min, minimum; OPV, genus Orthopoxvirus; PRNT, plaque-reduction neutralization test.

^aVariables not among the top ten most correlated variables with OPV seropositivity but still considered strongly correlated (p <0.1).

^bTen most correlated variables with OPV seropositivity (p <0.05).