TABLE 5.

Summary of evidence in relation to dietary patterns and land-use impacts¹

Study, year (ref)	Study context	Comparison	Key finding
Röös et al., 2015 (47)	Sweden	Current Swedish diet, recommended Nordic diet, and LCHF diet, all adjusted to same energy content	Compared with the recommended Nordic diet, the biodiversity impacts were ∼25% higher for the current diet and ∼60% higher for the LCHF diet
Baroni et al., 2007 (115)	Italy	Average Italian diet and 3 other well-balanced diets: omnivorous (2105 kcal/d), vegetarian (2158 kcal/d), and vegan (2298 kcal/d), produced by using conventional or organic systems	Biodiversity impacts were much higher for the average Italian diet than for any of the 3 well-balanced diets; also, biodiversity impacts were generally higher for diets based on organic farming; biodiversity impacts were lowest for the vegan diet
Notarnicola et al., 2017 (79)	European Union	Basket of 17 foods representative of European Union consumption—scenario 1: 25% reduction in beef, dairy, pork, poultry, and eggs substituted with a 25% increase in bread; scenario 2: as above but with 50% reductions or increases	Scenarios 1 and 2 reduced the estimated soil carbon loss by ∼18% and 36%, respectively

¹LCHF, low-carbohydrate, high-fat; ref, reference.