Table 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

PICO hierarchy	Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Population	Low- and middle-income countries Women Intervening prior to 12 months Postpartum	Developed countries Intervening with women who are not pregnant or in the 12 months after delivery
Intervention	Interventions targeting increasing family planning outcomes during the 12 months postpartum Community- or facility-based	Secondary data analysis
Comparison	Comparison group necessary for inclusion	No comparison group
Outcomes	Study must measure one or more postpartum family planning outcomes, including: 1) knowledge of postpartum family planning among clients, 2) postpartum family planning use, 3) use by method type, 4) intention to use, and 5) occurrence of pregnancy	Study did not measure postpartum family planning outcomes
Types of studies	Randomized controlled trials, retrospective and prospective cohort studies, controlled pre–post intervention studies, interrupted time series, case- control studies, randomized and nonrandomized, quantitative, literature reviews, and meta-analysis	Qualitative studies Descriptive studies without outcome measurement

Note: We excluded studies utilizing secondary data as the basis for analysis.

Abbreviation: PICO, population, intervention, comparison, outcome.