Fig. 3.

Significant changes in infra-slow oscillatory power (ISO: 0.03–0.06 Hz) in individuals with chronic pain. A) Regions where chronic pain subjects have significantly reduced amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and fractional ALFF (fALFF) compared with controls within the default mode network. Power reductions are indicated by the cool colour scale and overlaid onto an individual's T1-weighted anatomical image set. Note the decreases within the precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), inferior parietal cortex and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Slice locations in Montreal Neurological Institute space are indicated at the top right of each slice in the top panel. B) Plots of mean ± SEM ALFF and C) mean ± SEM fALFF in controls and chronic pain groups for significant clusters. ‡ significant differences derived from the voxel-by-voxel random effects analysis (p < 0.05, false discovery rate corrected).