Table 3.

Definitions of the five policymaking stages

Policymaking stage	Definition	Matching indicator of government ownership
Emergence	The moment where a predictable or unpredictable “policy window” is seized by decision makers for initiating a strategy aiming at addressing an emerging and sometimes burning issue [62]. Some authors refer to it as the stage of “agenda-setting”.	- Political will and leadership demonstrated at the highest level of government
Formulation	The stage where the content of the policy is defined	- Political will and leadership demonstrated at the highest level of government - Effective engagement at technical and operational levels of government - Capacity to act and coordinate actors within public agencies
Funding	The step where financial provisions are made available to the implementing structure in charge of the policy implementation.	- Effective engagement at technical and operational levels of government - Mobilization of national resources for contributing to finance the policy
Implementation	Ability of the State to lead and coordinate the operationalization of the policy.	- Effective engagement at technical and operational levels of government - Capacity to act and coordinate actors within public agencies - Mobilization of national resources for contributing to finance the policy
Evaluation	Appreciating policy processes and outcomes [63].	- Effective engagement at technical and operational levels of government - Capacity to act and coordinate actors within public agencies