Table 2.

Sample and cluster means per belonging variable, by acculturation strategy

	All (N = 461)		Marginalization (N = 76)	Marginalization/separation (N = 97)	Integration (N = 134)	Assimilation (N = 78)	Separation (N = 76)	(F/χ 2)
	M	SD	M	M	M	M	M
National belonging: to larger society
Behaviour
Dutch proficiency (3–12)	7.40	2.40	6.22	6.54	8.88	8.77	5.66	53.4***
Social organizations (0–1)	0.27	0.45	0.17	0.18	0.39	0.56	0.00	23.7***
Contact frequency with Dutch nonkin (1–4)	2.42	0.94	1.49	1.51	3.11	2.89	2.80	160.9***
Imagination
Cultural distance (3–12)	7.59	2.50	8.91	8.79	6.15	5.57	9.33	70.0***
Self-identification Turkish/Moroccan and Dutch (0–1)	0.07	0.26	0.09	0.07	0.07	0.12	0.00	2.2
Self-identification Dutch (0–1)	0.12	0.33	0.16	0.06	0.14	0.26	0.00	7.4***
National belonging: to own group
Behaviour
Mosque attendance (1–6)	4.48	1.96	1.86	5.73	5.76	1.92	5.84	771.8***
Contact frequency with Turkish/Moroccan nonkin (1–4)	2.77	0.86	2.14	2.35	3.13	2.53	3.53	56.7***
Imagination
Cultural identity (4–16)	8.55	2.62	7.14	7.20	9.50	8.91	9.67	24.4***
Self-identification Turkish, Kurdish, Moroccan or Berber (0–1)	0.77	0.42	0.74	0.82	0.75	0.54	1.00	13.4***
Transnational belonging
Behaviour
Frequent contact with children in Turkey/Morocco (0–1)	0.07	0.25	0.11	0.07	0.04	0.08	0.05	0.8
Frequent contact with extended family in Turkey/Morocco (0–1)	0.21	0.41	0.17	0.18	0.26	0.23	0.17	1.1
Visiting frequency Turkey/Morocco (1–3)	1.73	0.80	1.72	1.81	1.69	1.46	1.99	4.6**
Medical care in Turkey/Morocco (0–1)	0.10	0.29	0.07	0.13	0.10	0.06	0.11	0.9
Imagination
Considering return migration (0–1)	0.26	0.44	0.21	0.32	0.29	0.19	0.25	1.3
Feelings of loss (0–5)	3.40	1.49	3.41	3.55	3.48	2.72	3.72	5.5***

Variables for national belonging were used to compose the five clusters

* p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001