Table 1.
Characteristics related to external validity for trials in PRECIS-2 top tertile
| First author, year, location | Participants (n), age, females (%), non-white (%), HbA1c (mean) | Clinical setting | Intervention duration, intervention frequency, follow-up | Intervention staff type, level of training | |
| Sperl-Hillen (IE) et al., 2011, USA | I: n = 246, 61.6 yr., 49.4% f, 37.3% n-w, A1c—NR C: n = 134, 63.3 yr., 46.3% f, 32.8% n-w, A1c—NR |
2 large medical groups in NM and MN | Duration: 3.8 mo. Frequency: Three monthly 1-h sessions Follow-up: 6.8 mo. |
CDEs (RNs and RDs) | |
| Nielsen et al., 2006, Denmark | I: n = 459, 65.5 yr., 47.6% f, NR n-w, A1c—10.2% C: n = 415, 65.3 yr., 46.9% f, NR n-w, A1c—10.2% |
187 solo practices and 124 group practices | Duration: 6 yrs. Frequency: consultations every 3 mo. Follow-up: 6 yrs. |
GPs | |
| Sperl-Hillen (GE) et al., 2011, USAa | I: n = 243, 61.2 yr., 51.0% f, 33.5% n-w, A1c—NR C: n = 134, 63.3 yr., 46.3% f, 32.8% n-w, A1c—NR |
2 large medical groups in NM and MN | Duration: 2.8 mo. Frequency: Four 2-h sessions at 1-wk. intervals Follow-up: 6.8 mo. |
CDEs (RNs and RDs) | |
| Adachi et al., 2013, Japan | I: n = 100, 60.4 yr., 55% f, NR n-w, A1c—NR C: n = 93, 62.3 yr., 58% f, NR n-w, A1c—NR |
Multiple clinics in Kanagawa prefecture, Japan | Duration: 6 mo. Frequency: 3–4 sessions Follow-up: 6 mo. |
Trained RDs | |
| Babamoto (CM) et al., 2009, USA | I: n = 60, 50.0 yr., 52% f, NR n-w, A1c—8.5% C: n = 54, 50.0 yr., 78% f, NR n-w, A1c—9.5% |
3 inner city family health centers in Los Angeles, CA | Duration: 6 mo. Frequency: “usually seen on a monthly basis,” follow-up calls “as determined by the case manager” Follow-up: 6 mo. |
Two linguistically competent and culturally sensitive RNs | |
| Davies et al., 2008, England and Scotland | I: n = 437, 59.0 yr., 47% f, 6% n-w, A1c—8.3% C: n = 387, 60.0 yr., 43% f, 6% n-w, A1c—7.9% |
13 primary care sites | Duration: 12 mo. Frequency: One 6-h session delivered once at diagnosis Follow-up: 12 mo. |
Registered healthcare professionals | |
| Mash et al., 2014, South Africa | I: n = 710, 55.8 yr., 71.5% f, NR n-w, A1c—8.9% C: n = 860, 56.4 yr., 75.7% f, NR n-w, A1c—9.3% |
34 community health centers in the working class areas of Cape Town Metropole, South Africa | Duration: approximately 6 mo. Frequency: Four 60-min sessions Follow-up: 12 mo. |
Health promoters recruited from district health services and trained over 6 days | |
| Shibayama et al., 2007, Japan | I: n = 67, 61.0 yr., 34.8% f, NR n-w, A1c—7.3% C: n = 67, 62.0 yr., 34.8% f, NR n-w, A1c—7.4% |
OP clinic, Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Tokyo Hospital | Duration: 1 yr. Frequency: monthly counseling Follow-up: 1 yr. |
CEN in diabetes nursing | |
| Irwig et al., 2012, USA | I: n = 52, 54.8 yr., 50% f, 86.5% n-w, A1c—10.2% C: n = 51, 57.2 yr., 56.9% f, 74.5% n-w, A1c—9.7% |
Single academic multi-specialty clinic | Duration: 9 mo. Frequency: every 3 mo. (total of 4 visits) Follow-up: 9 mo. |
MDs (2 endocrinologists and 3 internists) | |
| Jansink et al., 2013, Netherlands | I: n = 229, 64.1 yr., 44.1% f, NR n-w, A1c—7.8% C: n = 292, 63.9 yr., 46.0% f, NR n-w, A1c—7.7% |
58 general practices | Duration: 14 mo. Frequency: Four half-day training sessions spread over 6 mo; also received quarterly phone calls Follow-up: 14 mo. |
Primary care nurses | |
| De Greef et al. (GP), 2011, Belgium | I: n = 22, 66.6 yr., 22.7% f, NR n-w, A1c—7.23% C: n = 24, 66.0 yr., 29.2% f, NR n-w, A1c—7.0% | Three Belgian general practices | Duration: 12 wks. Frequency: Three individual 15-min face-to-face consultations Follow-up: 12 wks. |
GPs | |
| Christian et al., 2008, USA | I: n = 155, 53.0 yr., 65% f, 100% n-w, A1c—8.08% C: n = 155, 53.4 yr., 68% f, 100% n-w, A1c—8.29% |
2 large urban community-based health centers in CO | Duration: 12 mo. Frequency: visits every 3 mo. Follow-up: 12 mo. |
MDs | |
| Trento et al., 2010, Italy | I: n = 421, 69.0 yr., 52.0% f, NR n-w, A1c—7.75% C: n = 394, 69.6 yr., 46.4% f, NR n-w, A1c—7.81% |
13 hospital-based diabetes clinics | Duration: 4 yrs. Frequency: 7 1-h group care sessions every 3 months over 2 yr. and repeated; individual consultations at least yearly Follow-up: 4 yrs. |
MDs and an educationist (M.T.) | |
| Lee et al., 2011, Hong Kong | I: n = 84, NR yr., 60.9% f, NR n-w, A1c—8.18% C: n = 73, NR yr., 63.1% f, NR n-w, A1c—8.04% |
General OP clinic, Hospital Authority New Territory East Cluster of Hong Kong | Duration: 6 wks. Frequency: weekly 2.5-h DM self-management course Follow-up: 28 wks. | Social worker accredited as a trainer for the self-management program | |
| DiLoreto et al., 2003, Italy | I: n = 182, 62.0 yr., 51.6% f, NR n-w, A1c—7.6% C: n = 158, 61.6 yr., 53.8% f, NR n-w, A1c—7.7% | OP diabetes clinic | Duration: 2 yrs. Frequency: initial 30-min counseling session, home phone call 1 mo. later; 15-min appointments in clinic every 3 mo. Follow-up: 2 yrs. |
MDs | |
| Glasgow (CASM) et al., 2012, USA | I: n = 169, 58.7 yr., 44.6% f, 25.9% n-w, A1c—NR C: n = 132, 58.7 yr., 51.5% f, 29.4% n-w, A1c—8.16% |
Five primary care clinics within Kaiser Permanente Colorado | Duration: 12 mo. Frequency: initial website orientation; action plan at 6 wks; periodic motivational calls Follow-up: 12 mo. |
Research staff member | |
| First author, year, location | PA tracking method/feedback provided | eHealth | Control group | Effectiveness (PA), effectiveness (HbA1c) | PRECIS-2 score |
| Sperl-Hillen (IE) et al., 2011, USA | N/A | N/A | Usual care | PA: yes HbA1c: yes | 4.78 |
| Nielsen et al., 2006, Denmark | N/A | N/A | Usual care | PA: no HbA1c: yes | 4.61 |
| Sperl-Hillen (GE) et al., 2011, USAa | N/A | N/A | Usual care | PA: no HbA1c: no | 4.50 |
| Adachi et al., 2013, Japan | N/A | N/A | General advice from RDs | PA: NR HbA1c: yes | 4.50 |
| Babamoto (CM) et al., 2009, USA | N/A | N/A | Usual care | PA: no HbA1c: no | 4.44 |
| Davies et al., 2008, England and Scotland | N/A | N/A | Enhanced standard care | PA: no HbA1c: no | 4.33 |
| Mash et al., 2014, South Africa | N/A | N/A | Usual care | PA: no HbA1c: no | 4.33 |
| Shibayama et al., 2007, Japan | Feedback provided at monthly sessions | N/A | Usual care | PA: NR HbA1c: no | 4.28 |
| Irwig et al., 2012, USA | N/A | N/A | Completed questionnaires only | PA: no HbA1c: no | 4.28 |
| Jansink et al., 2013, Netherlands | N/A | N/A | Usual care | PA: no HbA1c: no | 4.22 |
| De Greef et al. (GP), 2011, Belgium | Pedometers used to track progress and to encourage discussions with the GP | N/A | Usual care | PA: no HbA1c: no | 4.17 |
| Christian et al., 2008, USA | Results from computer-based assessment used to tailor intervention | “Computer expert system” | Usual care | PA: yes HbA1c: no | 4.17 |
| Trento et al., 2010, Italy | N/A | N/A | Usual care | PA: NR HbA1c: yes | 4.17 |
| Lee et al., 2011, Hong Kong | N/A | N/A | Usual care | PA: no HbA1c: no | 4.11 |
| DiLoreto et al., 2003, Italy | Phone calls at 1 month to determine level of PA and reinforce instructions | N/A | Usual care | PA: yes HbA1c: yes | 4.11 |
| Glasgow (CASM) et al., 2012, USA | Participants recorded progress on daily goals and received feedback using website | “My Path toHealthy Life” (Mi Camino a La Vida Sana) website | Enhanced usual care | PA: yes HbA1c: no | 4.08 |
C control group, CDE(s) certified diabetes educator(s), hr./hrs. hour/hours, I intervention group, MD(s) doctor(s), mo. month/months, N/A not applicable, NR not reported, OP outpatient, PA physical activity, PCP(s)/GP(s) primary care physician(s)/general practitioner(s), RD(s) registered dietitian(s), RN(s) registered nurse(s), wk./wks. week/weeks, yr./yrs. year/years
aA secondary intervention from an already noted study