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. 2017 Nov 9;11:102. doi: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00102

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Copyright © 2017 Popovitchenko and Rasin.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Embryonic foundations of lamination. (A) Schematic representation of the progression of neocortical development during prenatal neurogenesis. Legend is in the top left with the main cell types depicted: neuroepithelial cells (NEC), radial glia (RG), intermediate progenitors (IP), and neurons (N). The ages depicted are key stages during prenatal neurogenesis: E11 (onset), E13 (deep layer production), and E16 (transition from deep layer to upper layer and upper layer production). At E11, some neurons have already been generated from NECs and some have arrived from subpallial origins. At E13, pyramidal neurons and progenitors are generated in the VZ from apical RG (aRG) and apical intermediate progenitors (aIPs). In addition, pyramidal neurons are generated in the subventricular zone (SVZ) from basal RG (bRG) and basal IPs (bIPs). Migrating pyramidal neurons pass through the intermediate zone (IZ) and SP to the CP. Later born pyramidal neurons will migrate past the earlier born ones successively to generate the neocortical layers in an inside-out fashion. Nascent layers are seen at E16. Lower layers (LL) have immature neurons and mature neurons already in place (lighter cells in background), extending apical dendrites towards Layer I. (B) Heterogeneity of RG and IP progenitors. (C) Neurons are generated from both symmetric and asymmetric divisions. References for these events are indicated below each event and detailed to the right.