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. 2017 Nov 9;11:627. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00627

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Copyright © 2017 Yamasaki, Maekawa, Fujita and Tobimatsu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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VEPs in response to subliminal face stimuli using a backward-masking paradigm in the TD and ASD groups. Faces (neutral and fearful faces) and objects were randomly presented for 20 ms (sub-threshold duration) in an upright or inverted orientation, followed by a 1,000-ms pattern mask. The target appeared in 10% of the trials in each block and was presented for 600 ms to draw the participant's attention away from the experimental stimuli. In both groups, the stimuli (in both orientations) elicited a negative component at ~100 ms (N1) and a following positive peak at ~120 ms (P1) after stimulus onset. The TD group exhibited a fearful-specific SFE in the upright condition. In contrast, adults with ASD exhibited no signs of SFE, as reflected by the unaltered N1 for stimuli of different types and orientations. SFE, subliminal face effect (Modified from Fujita et al., 2013 with permission).