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. 2017 Nov 13;7:15457. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-15660-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cultivable ARB from the waste water W source affected or not by fungal colonization in pre-sterilized soil microcosms, sampled from inoculation point (i) and respective fungal migration front (m) (a), and their phylogenetic analyses (b). Blue bars are total bacteria on R2A without any antibiotic while A, C and K represent ampicillin, ciprofloxacin and kanamycin respectively, applied in medium alone or in combination. Error bars represent the standard deviations (n = 3). W corresponds to microbial inoculum originating from sludge/water of waste water treatment plant, while F-5, F-14, and F-16 represent the three selected fungal strains NFC-5, NFC-14, and NFC-16, respectively. *No bacteria were detected at migration point (Wm) for non-fungal treatments. In ‘b’ the strains with underline codes are isolated from m-point and others from i-point; Red and green nodes of the tree represent the M and W source respectively; while the text colors represent different antibiotics used to isolate these strains. The tree is constructed via neighbor joining method considering Maximum Composite Likelihood model with Bootstrap replicates of 1000, and bootstrap values equal to or greater than 50 are shown.