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. 2017 Aug 9;18(6):913–929. doi: 10.1007/s10522-017-9724-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 1 — Signalling pathways implicated in age-related metabolic decline. Calorie restriction is the most potent environmental intervention that improves the metabolic profile and extends healthspan and lifespan of various animal species. Calorie restriction is thought to be suppressing the GH/IGF-1, insulin/PI3K, and mTOR pathways and activating the AMPK pathway. These pathways provide potential targets for therapeutic intervention to improve metabolic homeostasis at old age. Pointed arrows indicate activatory and blunt arrows inhibitory actions