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. 2017 Nov 13;7:15383. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-15557-5

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Peculiar cell organization and development of glass sponges: Oopsacas minuta. (a) Phylogenetic position of glass sponges (Hexactinellida) among poriferans and metazoans. LCA: Last common ancestor. (b.,f. and h.) Scanning electron micrographs. (c.,d.,e. and g.) Transmission electron micrographs of epoxy sections. (b.) 8-cell stage embryo within maternal tissue⁴³. (c. and d.) Details of embryo showing the fusion of macromeres and the establishment of plugged junctions. (e.) Cytoplasmic continuity between cells through plugged junction. (f. and g.) Collar bodies evidencing a clear cell polarity as shown by the apical pole, ap and the basal pole, bp. (h) Larva showing a clear anterior-posterior axis. The anterior pole and posterior pole are indicated: ap and pp respectively. (i) Adult specimen harboring a clear apico-basal axis. The oral pole (apical pole) and aboral pole (basal pole) are indicated op and abp, respectively. Abbreviations: b, blastomere; c, collar; cb, collar bodies; fl, flagellum; li, lipid inclusion; ma, macromere; nu, nucleus; os, osculum (white arrowhead); pj, plugged junction (grey arrowhead); po, pore particles; ts, trabecular syncytium; y, yolk. Scale: (b.), 43 µm; (c.), 3 µm; (d.,e. and g.), 1 µm; (f.), 4.3 µm; (h.), 50 µm; (i.), 0.5 cm.