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. 2017 Nov 13;7:15386. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13071-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Activation of Eph-B4 regulates venous remodeling. (A) Representative photomicrographs (left panel) and bar graph (right panel) showing AVF venous wall thickness in AVF treated with control or Ephrin-B2/Fc (day 21); *P = 0.03 (t-test). n = 4. Scale bar, 25 µm. (B) Line graph showing IVC diameter in mice treated with control or Ephrin-B2/Fc; *P < 0.0001 (ANOVA). n = 4–5. (C) Bar graphs showing percentage of cells in the AVF positive for proliferation (Ki67) or apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3) (day 21); *P = 0.02 (t-test). n = 4. (D) Line graph showing AVF patency in mice treated with control or Ephrin-B2/Fc injections. P = 0.05 (Chi-square); P = 0.06 (Log-rank), n = 10. (E) Representative photomicrographs (left panel) and bar graph (right panel) showing AVF venous wall thickness in AVF treated with control or Ephrin-B2/Fc (day 42); *P = 0.04 (t-test). n = 5–6. Scale bar, 50 µm. (F) Line graph showing IVC diameter in mice treated with control or Ephrin-B2/Fc; *P < 0.0001 (ANOVA). n = 13–14. (G) Representative photomicrographs (left panel) and graph (right panel) showing Eph-B4 (green), phosphotyrosine (pTyr; red), and merged (yellow) immunoreactive signal with control (top row) or Ephrin-B2/Fc (bottom row) (day 21). Yellow arrowheads indicate merged signal. P = 0.0042 (ANOVA). *P = 0.0052 (post hoc). n = 3. Scale bar, 100 µm. Data represent mean ± SEM.