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. 2017 Nov 13;7:15386. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13071-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Venous remodeling depends on smooth muscle cell Akt1. (A) Representative photomicrographs showing the venous wall (day 21) after AVF creation in control, Akt1 iEC-KO, and Akt1 iSMC-KO mice. (B) Bar graph of AVF wall thickness. *P = 0.0146 compared to Akt1 iEC-KO, t-test. N = 8 for control; N = 6 for Akt1 iEC-KO; N = 4 for Akt1 iSMC-KO. (C) Relative diameter of the AVF over time after AVF creation in control, Akt1 iEC-KO, and Akt1 iSMC-KO mice. *P = 0.0046, ANOVA. N = 9 for control; N = 5 for Akt1 iEC-KO; N = 5 for Akt1 iSMC-KO.