Table 1.
Different forms of nicotine administration and absorption pharmacokinetics.
Adapted from Hukkanen et al. [31], with permission
| Nicotine administration and dose | C max (ng ml−1) | T max (min) | Bioavailability (%) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking tobacco (one cigarette, 5 min, ~2 mg/cigarette) | 15–30 | 5–8 | 80–90 | Benowitz et al. [7] |
| Smokeless tobacco (1 g Swedish snus, 60 min, ~11 mg/portion) | 11 | 60 | 24–32 | Digard et al. [16] |
| Gum (4 mg in gum, 30 min) | 9 | 45 | 63 | Digard et al. [16] |
| Transdermal patch (one daytime patch, 15 mg/16 h) | 11–14 | 6–9 h | 75–100 | Benowitz et al. [7] |
| Inhaler (one 10 mg cartridge, 20 min) | 8 | 30 | 51–56 | Benowitz et al. [7] |
| Sublingual tablet (2 mg, 20–30 min) | 4 | 60 | 65 | Benowitz et al. [7] |
| E-cigarette ‘vaping’ (65 min puffing, 18 mg ml−1) | 14–16 | 70–75 | – | Marsot and Simon [40] |
All values are for venous blood
C max peak blood concentration, T max time to peak blood concentration