Table III.
Resource utilization rate (days of resource exposure per 1000 hospital days) in patients with and without DS.
| Resources measured | Rate for DS (n = 298) |
Rate for Non-DS (n = 10401) |
IRR (95% CI) | Adjusted IRR† (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Complete blood count | 753.6 | 717.8 | 1.0 (1.0–1.1)* | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) |
| Blood culture | 32.8 | 34.5 | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) |
| Antibiotics | ||||
| Total (of the 5 subclasses) | 857.2 | 813.5 | 1.1 (1.0–1.1)* | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) |
| Broad Gram–positive coverage‡ | 194.5 | 170.8 | 1.1 (1.0–1.2)* | 1.1 (1.0–1.2)* |
| Beta lactam anti-Pseudomonas coverage§ | 424 | 426.5 | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) |
| Carbapenems with anti-Pseudomonas activity¶ | 69.3 | 68.2 | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) |
| Quinolones | 31.4 | 19.6 | 1.6 (1.2–2.1)* | 1.5 (1.2–2.0)* |
| Aminoglycosides | 115.2 | 116.7 | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) |
| Antifungals | ||||
| Total (of the 3 subclasses) | 331.9 | 276.2 | 1.2 (1.1–1.3)* | 1.2 (1.1–1.3)* |
| Amphotericins | 43.2 | 56.1 | 0.8 (0.6–1.0)* | 0.8 (0.6–1.0)* |
| Echinocandins | 41.6 | 30.1 | 1.4 (1.0–1.8)* | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) |
| Azoles | 247.1 | 190.0 | 1.3 (1.2–1.5)* | 1.3 (1.2–1.5)* |
| Antivirals | 131.8 | 116.6 | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) |
| Blood products | ||||
| Packed red blood cells | 78.8 | 93.9 | 0.8 (0.8–0.9)* | 0.8 (0.7–0.9)* |
| Platelets | 94.9 | 101.5 | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) |
| Fresh frozen plasma | 9.8 | 7.3 | 1.3 (1.0–1.8) | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) |
| Cryoprecipitate | 2.1 | 2.3 | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) | 1.0 (0.5–1.9) |
| Analgesics | ||||
| Non-opioid | 202.2 | 248.0 | 0.8 (0.8–0.9)* | 0.8 (0.7–0.9)* |
| Opioid (all routes)** | 213.5 | 243.0 | 0.9 (0.8–1.0)* | 0.8 (0.8–0.9)* |
| Patient-controlled analgesics | 14.3 | 25.3 | 0.6 (0.4–0.9)* | 0.6 (0.4–0.9)* |
| Anti-emetics | 244.3 | 375.1 | 0.7 (0.6–0.7)* | 0.7 (0.6–0.7)* |
| Parenteral nutrition | 78.9 | 90.2 | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) |
| Anti-hypertensives | 85.5 | 96.9 | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) |
| Diuretics | 75.3 | 66.6 | 1.1 (1.1–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) |
| Vasopressors | ||||
| Dopamine | 10 | 7.7 | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) |
| Other | 20.5 | 18.5 | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) |
| Supplemental oxygen | 97.6 | 40.2 | 2.4 (2.1–2.8)* | 1.3 (1.2–1.5)* |
| Ventilation | 43.5 | 22.5 | 1.9 (1.5–2.5)* | 2.0 (1.5–2.7)* |
| ECMO | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.8 (0.3–12.7) | 2.0 (0.2–17.8) |
| Dialysis | 6.2 | 4.3 | 1.4 (0.8–2.7) | 1.1 (0.6–2.1) |
| Radiology imaging | ||||
| Chest x-ray | 137.4 | 96.8 | 1.4 (1.3–1.5)* | 1.4 (1.2–1.5)* |
| Abdominal ultrasound | 5 | 7.4 | 0.7 (0.5–0.9)* | 0.6 (0.5–0.8)* |
| Head CT | 6.2 | 7.7 | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) |
| Chest CT | 6.9 | 9.8 | 0.7 (0.6–0.9)* | 0.7 (0.5–0.8)* |
| Head MRI | 3.7 | 4.4 | 0.8 (0.6––1.1) | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) |
| Insulin | 37.8 | 14.9 | 2.5 (1.9–3.2)* | 1.3 (1.1–1.5)* |
DS, Down syndrome; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; CT, computerized tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; IRR, incidence rate ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.
*
P > 0.05.
†
Adjusted for age, race, insurance status, year of admission and congenital cardiac defects.
‡
Includes vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin, quinopristin/dalfopristin.
§
Includes ceftazidime, cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, ticarcillin/clavulanate.
¶
Includes imipenem and meropenem.
**
Includes norepinephrine, epinephrine and dobutamine.