Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of women who participated in the survey.
| Characteristics | Women with less tight1 glycaemic treatment targets n = 20 (% or ±20) |
Women with tighter2 glycaemic treatment targets n = 40 (% or ±40) |
Women total n = 60 (% or ±60) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years)4 | 34 (±4.3) | 32 (±4.5) | 33 (±4.5) |
| Primigravida (G1P0)3 | 9 (45) | 18 (45) | 27 (45) |
| BMI category 5,3 | |||
| Normal | 8 (40) | 13 (32.5) | 21 (35) |
| Overweight | 5 (25) | 6 (15) | 11 (18.3) |
| Obese (class I) | 2 (10) | 9 (22.5) | 11 (18.3) |
| Obese (class II) | 2 (10) | 6 (15) | 8 (13.3) |
| Obese (class II) | 3 (15) | 6 (15) | 9 (15) |
| Total obese | 7 (35) | 21 (52.5) | 28 (46.6) |
| Ethnicity 6,3 | |||
| European | 12 (60) | 12 (30) | 24 (40) |
| Māori | — | 6 (15) | 6 (10) |
| Asian | 7 (35) | 15 (37.5) | 22 (36.7) |
| Pacific Peoples | — | 7 (17.5) | 7 (11.6) |
| MELAA | 1 (5) | — | 1 (1.7) |
| Highest educational qualifications after leaving school 7,3 | |||
| (1) No qualification | 1 (5) | 2 (5) | 3 (5) |
| (2) Level 1 certificate | — | 2 (5) | 2 (3.3) |
| (3) Level 2 certificate | 2 (10) | 2 (5) | 4 (6.7) |
| (4) Level 3 certificate | 2 (10) | 4 (10) | 6 (10) |
| (5) Level 4 certificate | — | 4 (10) | 4 (6.7) |
| (6) Level 5 and level 6 diploma | 4 (20) | 9 (22.5) | 13 (21.7) |
| (7) Bachelor degree and level 7 qualification | 8 (40) | 17 (42.5) | 25 (41.6) |
| (8) Postgraduate and honours degree | 1 (5) | — | 1 (1.7) |
| (9) Master's degree | 2 (10) | — | 2 (3.3) |
| NZ deprivation index 8,3 | |||
| 1 (least deprived) | 3 (15) | 5 (12.5) | 8 (13.5) |
| 2 | 2 (10) | 3 (7.5) | 5 (8.4) |
| 3 | 2 (10) | 3 (7.5) | 5 (8.4) |
| 4 | 4 (20) | 6 (15) | 10 (16.7) |
| 5 | 2 (10) | 5 (12.5) | 7 (11.8) |
| 6 | 1 (5) | 1 (1.7) | 2 (3.4) |
| 7 | 2 (10) | 3 (7.5) | 5 (8.5) |
| 8 | 3 (15) | 3 (7.5) | 6 (10) |
| 9 | 1 (5) | 4 (10) | 5 (8.7) |
| 10 (most deprived) | — | 6 (15) | 6 (10) |
| Lead maternity carer (LMC) 9,3 | |||
| Midwife | 19 (95) | 36 (90) | 55 (91.7) |
| Obstetrician | 1 (5) | — | 1 (1.7) |
| Hospital team | — | 4 (10) | 4 (6.7) |
| Gestational age at GDM diagnosis4 (weeks) | 27.7 (±1.9) | 27.9 (±2.0) | 27.8 (±2.0) |
| Time of self-testing capillary blood glucose for (weeks)4 | 7.6 (±2.5) | 6.4 (±2.1) | 6.8 (±2.3) |
| Previous GDM3 | 4 (20) | 6 (15) | 10 (16.7) |
| Previous hypertension3 | 2 (10) | — | 2 (3.3) |
| Current hypertension | — | 3 (7.5) | 3 (5) |
| Family history of hypertension3 | 8 (45) | 16 (40) | 24 (40) |
| Family history of diabetes3 | 7 (35) | 20 (50) | 27 (45) |
| Current smoker3 | — | 3 (7.5) | 3 (15) |
| Current treatment3 | |||
| Diet only | 7 (35) | 11 (27.5) | 18 (30) |
| Insulin and diet | 2 (10) | 11 (27.5) | 13 (21.7) |
| Metformin and diet | 5 (25) | 12 (30) | 17 (28.3) |
| Insulin, metformin, and diet | 6 (30) | 6 (15) | 12 (20) |
1Less tight glycaemic treatment targets for women with GDM: fasting blood glucose < 5.5 mmol/L, 1 hour postprandial < 8.0 mmol/L, and 2 hours postprandial < 7.0 mmol/L; 2tighter glycaemic treatment targets for women with GDM: fasting blood glucose ≤ 5.0 mmol/L, 1 hour postprandial ≤ 7.4 mmol/L, and 2 hours postprandial ≤6.7 mmol/L; 3figures are numbers and percentages; 4figures are mean and standard deviation; 5BMI categories: underweight < 18.50, normal range ≥ 18.55–24.99, overweight ≥ 25.00–29.99, obese (class I) ≥ 30.00–34.99, obese (class II)—severe obese ≥ 35.00–39.99 and obese (class II)—morbid obese ≥ 40.00 (according to WHO and Ministry of Health categories) [44, 45]; 6as categorised by New Zealand government statistics groups for major ethnic groups. MELAA is an acronym for Middle Eastern/Latin American/African (http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/infographic-culture-identity.aspx); 7as categorised by New Zealand government statistics groups (http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/qstats-education-training/highest-qualification.aspx); 8as categorised by New Zealand 2013 Deprivation Index, University of Otago, Department of Public Health. Deprivation score was unknown for one woman, as her address had no meshblock listed (http://www.otago.ac.nz/wellington/departments/publichealth/research/hirp/otago020194.html); 9a lead maternity carer (LMC) in New Zealand provides lead maternity care (is in charge). This can be either a midwife, obstetrician, or GP (https://www.midwife.org.nz/in-new-zealand/contexts-for-practice).