Table 4.
Description of psychotherapy and neuroimaging studies: predictors of therapeutic response.
| Modality of psychotherapy | Diagnosis | Study (including design if not previously outlined) | Predictors of response |
|---|---|---|---|
| CBT | GAD | Ball et al. (2014) 48 patients (25 GAD, 23 PD), all unmedicated fMRI 10 weekly sessions of CBT |
Greater activation in hippocampus during maintenance of emotional response to negative images Greater activation in anterior insula, superior temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, and superior frontal gyrus during cognitive reappraisal |
| McClure et al. (2007) | Pretreatment amygdala hyperactivity | ||
|
| |||
| CBT | SAD | Doehrmann et al. (2013) | Greater pretreatment activation to angry versus neutral faces in portions of the occipitotemporal cortices |
| Klumpp et al. (2013) | Increased pretreatment activity to threat in the superior and middle temporal gyri and in the IFG. Hyperactivation to fearful faces in dmPFC, OFC, and dACC | ||
| Klumpp et al. (2014) [147] fMRI 21 patients (unmedicated except for 2 on bupropion) 12 weekly 60-minute sessions |
Increased pretreatment activity (in the presence of emotional faces) in the dACC and dmPFC Decreased pretreatment amygdala and mOFC activity during emotion processing |
||
| Klumpp et al. (2014) [148] fMRI 21 patients (unmedicated except for 2 on bupropion) 12 weeks of CBT |
Greater pretreatment bilateral amygdala-pgACC connectivity |
||
| Mansson et al. (2015) fMRI/support vector machines (SVM) 26 patients (8 medicated) 13 weeks of Internet-delivered CBT |
Pretreatment dACC activation and lower dACC-amygdala coupling during self-referential criticism task (92% balanced accuracy)∗ predicted sustained response one year later | ||
|
| |||
| CBT | PD/AG | Lueken et al. (2013) | Greater pretreatment coupling between ACC and amygdala |
| Reinecke et al. (2014) fMRI 14 unmedicated patients with PD 4 sessions of CBT |
Increased pretreatment activation in bilateral insulae and left dlPFC during threat processing Increased right hippocampus gray matter |
||
| Straube et al. (2014) [149] |
Nonresponse associated with heightened amygdala reactivity before and after treatment (informed by 5-HT1A rs6295 polymorphism G/G genotype) | ||
|
| |||
| CBT | MDD | Costafreda et al. (2009) 16 unmedicated patients fMRI 16 sessions of CBT |
Response to treatment (gauged by response to sad faces) predicted by activity in the ACC, superior and middle frontal cortices, paracentral cortex, superior parietal cortex, precuneus, and cerebellum |
| Crowther et al. (2015) 20 unmedicated patients Resting-state functional connectivity MRI Average of 12 sessions of BATD |
Pretreatment connectivity of the insula with the right medial temporal gyrus and between the left intraparietal sulcus and OFC | ||
| Fu et al. (2008) | Pretreatment activity in the dACC comparable to healthy controls predicted response | ||
| Konarski et al. (2009) 7 unmedicated patients PET 16 sessions of CBT Comparison group was on venlafaxine |
Nonresponse associated with pretreatment hypermetabolism the interface of the pgACC and sgACC | ||
| Mackin et al. (2013) 22 patients (not receiving antidepressants) MRI 12 weeks of CBT |
Nonresponse associated with thinner bilateral PCC and parahippocampal cortex, left paracentral, cuneus, and insular cortices, and right mOFC and lateral occipital cortex | ||
| McGrath et al. (2014) 82 total patients (unmedicated prior to starting trial) PET 12–24 weeks of CBT and/or antidepressant (escitalopram) treatment |
Nonresponse associated with pretreatment hyperactivity in the subcallosal cingulate and in the superior temporal sulcus | ||
| Ritchey et al. (2011) | Increased pretreatment vmPFC and dlPFC activity predicted response. Parameter analyzed was response to pictures of different affective valence | ||
| Siegle et al. (2006) 14 unmedicated patients fMRI 16 sessions of CBT (12 weeks) |
Response to treatment was predicted by low sgACC reactivity and high amygdala reactivity to negative words | ||
| Straub et al. (2015) | Pretreatment sgACC hyperactivity to positive (versus negative) stimuli predicted response | ||
| Thompson et al. (2015) 60 patients (59 years and older; 44 completed study; 83% on at least one medication, though type not specified) fMRI 12 weeks of CBT |
Decrease in activation in left inferior frontal triangle and right superior frontal gyrus Increase in activation of right middle frontal gyrus and left superior frontal gyrus |
||
| Walsh et al. (2016) 33 unmedicated patients fMRI Up to 15 BATD sessions (average of 11.67 weekly sessions) |
During anticipation phase, response was associated with: greater caudate-dACC and caudate-rACC connectivity; greater right putamen-right OFC connectivity; decreased connectivity between right mPFC and dACC; and decreased connectivity between left putamen and the subcallosal cortex | ||
| Yoshimura et al. (2014) | Pretreatment decreased activity in vACC during self-referential information processing | ||
|
| |||
| CBT | PTSD | Bryant et al. (2008) | Pretreatment hyperactivity in amygdala, vACC, and dACC was associated with nonresponse |
| Falconer et al. (2013) 13 patients (6 on stable doses of SSRIs) fMRI 8 weeks of CBT |
Treatment response was predicted by higher pretreatment activation of frontostriatal networks (vlPFC, OFC, mPFC, and dorsal striatum) during inhibitory control tasks (this study employed Go/No-Go task) | ||
|
| |||
| Psychodynamic psychotherapy | MDD | Buchheim et al. (2012) | Increased pretreatment activity in the sgACC may predict response |
| Roffman et al. (2014) | Pretreatment right precuneus metabolism (significantly higher in treatment completers; correlated also with psychological mindedness) | ||
|
| |||
| Guided imagery | MDD | Huang et al. (2014) | Increased pretreatment regional homogeneity within the dACC |
|
| |||
| EMDR | PTSD | Nardo et al. (2010) 20 patients (15 completed EMDR); unclear if patients were medicated or not (it was not an exclusion criterion) MRI Five 90-minute sessions |
Decreased gray matter density in limbic and paralimbic cortices |
∗Balanced accuracy is a mean of sensitivity and specificity.