Th17 cell loss in SIV infection is profound in individuals with few Th17 cells before infection despite rIL-21-IgFc treatment. (A) Correlation between the frequency of Th17 cells at baseline and frequency at weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 postinfection (each colored line represents a best fit for one postinfection time point). (B) Longitudinal plot of Th17 cell frequencies in rIL-21-IgFc–treated and control groups. (C) Changes in Th17 cell frequencies between baseline and week 16 in controls (left panels) and rIL-21-IgFc–treated animals (right panels). (D) Intestinal (ileal) Th17 cell frequencies measured at necropsy. (E) Longitudinal frequencies of the CD38+HLA-DR+ phenotype among circulating CD4+ T cells, with traces for all animals faded except that for 41576. (F) Longitudinal frequencies of the CD38+HLA-DR+ phenotype among circulating CD8+ T cells, with traces for all animals faded except that for 41576. (G) Longitudinal representation of IFN-γ production among SIV-specific CD8+ T cells, with traces for all animals faded except that for 41576.